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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name 2 physiological mechanisms regulating hear rate
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Symp. beta receptors on SA node increasing HR
Parasymp. muscarinic receptors on SA node decresase HR |
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Hormonal influences affecting BP
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- Adrenaline increases CO
- Angiotensin increases vasc. tone - Corticosteroids increase fluid retention and vasc. tone - Aldosterone increase fluid retention and vasc. tone |
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Direct effects of adrenaline on vascular tone
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Vasoconstriction of the splanchnic beds via alpha
At moderate levels: vasodilation of skeletal muscle beds via beta-2 At high levels: begin to bind alpha-2 on skeletal muscle due to saturation of beta-2 and causes vasoconstriction |
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Describe the antidysrhythmic effects of lignocaine
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Binds to activated Na+ channels preventing them from conducting again.
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List 3 conditions that can give rise to a wide pulse pressure with a low diastolic pressure
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- Atherosclerosis,
- Aortic incompetence - Vasodilation - Dehydration |
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In the jugular pressure wave form, name the waves and what they represent
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A wave: right atrial systole
C wave: right ventricular systole X decent: atrial relaxation V wave: atrial filling |
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List 3 factors that might predispose to the development of varicose veins in the leg
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Chronic cough, Constipation, Obesity
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What effect will adrenaline have on systolic BP, diastlic BP and HR?
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Increase, Decrease, Increase
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What effect will noradrenaline have on systolic BP, diastlic BP and HR?
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Increase, Increase, Increase
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What effect will propranolol have on systolic BP, diastlic BP and HR?
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Decrease, Unchanged/Increase, Decrease
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What effect will atenolol have on systolic BP, diastlic BP and HR?
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Decrease, Unchanged, Decrease
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What effect will phentolamine have on systolic BP, diastlic BP and HR?
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Decrease, Unchanged/Decrease, Increase
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What effect will lisinopril have on systolic BP, diastlic BP and HR?
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Decrease, Decrease, Unchanged/Decrease
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Name 3 cuases of elevated jugular pressure
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PE
Severe asthma attack Tricuspid regurg. Congestive heart failure Right hear failure |
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List 3 risk factors in the development of athersclerosis
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Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Male
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List 3 systemic consequences of athersclerosis
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Hypertension, Embolism, Aneurysm
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List 3 harmful consequences of chronic moderate arterial hypertension
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Myocardial ischaemia, Renal failure, Stroke
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List 3 drugs used to reduce BP in hypertensive patients and their mechanism
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Beta-blockers - reduced renin secretion
ACE inhibitors - reduced angiotensin II Diuretics - vasodilation |
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Name a side effect of beta-blockers
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Lethargy
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Name a side effect of ACE inhibitors
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Renal failure |
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Name a side effect of diuretics
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Hypokalaemia |
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Briefly indicated the haemodynamic effect, if any, on teh adult circulation of atrial septal defect
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Small left to right shunt - little effect
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Briefly indicated the haemodynamic effect, if any, on the adult circulation of ventricular septal defect
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left to right shunt - left ventricular failure perhaps later right ventricular hypertrophy
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Briefly indicate the haemodynamic effect, if any, on the adult circulation of patent ductus arteriosus
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left to right shunt - perhaps mild pulmonary hypertension and dilation of left atrium and ventricle
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List 3 signs of chronic hypoperfusion of the limbs
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Poor peripheral pulse
Atrophic and hairless skin Cold skin |
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What is the magnitude of the normal central venous pressure?
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4 cm of water
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Which endocrine axis is chiefly stimulated by elevated central venous pressure and where are the pressure receptors located?
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Atrial natriuretic peptide, Right atrium, Great veins
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What are the actions of atrial natriuretic peptide?
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Vasodilator, Natriuretic - reduces plasma volume, Angiotensin antagonist
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Name the adrenergic receptor involved in constriction of the splanchnic arterioles during exercise
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Alpha1
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Name the adrenergic receptor involved in dialtion of the resistance arterioles in skeletal muscle during exercise
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Beta2
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Name the adrenergic receptor involved in increasing the HR during exercise
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Beta2
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Name the adrenergic receptor involved in increasing the force of cardiac contractility on standing
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Beta1
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Name the adrenergic receptor involved in increasing the venous return on standing
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Alpha1
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List 3 conditions that might cause ankle oedema without causing pulmonary oedema
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Right heart failureInferior vena cava obstructionBlockage of the lymph drainage from the legs
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Name 2 conditions that might cause ankle and pulmonary oedema
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Glomerulonephritis, Liver failure
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