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35 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Name 2 physiological mechanisms regulating hear rate
Symp. beta receptors on SA node increasing HR



Parasymp. muscarinic receptors on SA node decresase HR

Hormonal influences affecting BP
- Adrenaline increases CO

- Angiotensin increases vasc. tone


- Corticosteroids increase fluid retention and vasc. tone


- Aldosterone increase fluid retention and vasc. tone

Direct effects of adrenaline on vascular tone
Vasoconstriction of the splanchnic beds via alpha



At moderate levels: vasodilation of skeletal muscle beds via beta-2




At high levels: begin to bind alpha-2 on skeletal muscle due to saturation of beta-2 and causes vasoconstriction

Describe the antidysrhythmic effects of lignocaine
Binds to activated Na+ channels preventing them from conducting again.
List 3 conditions that can give rise to a wide pulse pressure with a low diastolic pressure
- Atherosclerosis,

- Aortic incompetence


- Vasodilation


- Dehydration

In the jugular pressure wave form, name the waves and what they represent
A wave: right atrial systole

C wave: right ventricular systole


X decent: atrial relaxation


V wave: atrial filling

List 3 factors that might predispose to the development of varicose veins in the leg
Chronic cough, Constipation, Obesity
What effect will adrenaline have on systolic BP, diastlic BP and HR?
Increase, Decrease, Increase
What effect will noradrenaline have on systolic BP, diastlic BP and HR?
Increase, Increase, Increase
What effect will propranolol have on systolic BP, diastlic BP and HR?
Decrease, Unchanged/Increase, Decrease
What effect will atenolol have on systolic BP, diastlic BP and HR?
Decrease, Unchanged, Decrease
What effect will phentolamine have on systolic BP, diastlic BP and HR?
Decrease, Unchanged/Decrease, Increase
What effect will lisinopril have on systolic BP, diastlic BP and HR?
Decrease, Decrease, Unchanged/Decrease
Name 3 cuases of elevated jugular pressure
PE

Severe asthma attack


Tricuspid regurg.


Congestive heart failure


Right hear failure

List 3 risk factors in the development of athersclerosis
Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Male
List 3 systemic consequences of athersclerosis
Hypertension, Embolism, Aneurysm
List 3 harmful consequences of chronic moderate arterial hypertension
Myocardial ischaemia, Renal failure, Stroke
List 3 drugs used to reduce BP in hypertensive patients and their mechanism
Beta-blockers - reduced renin secretion

ACE inhibitors - reduced angiotensin II


Diuretics - vasodilation

Name a side effect of beta-blockers
Lethargy
Name a side effect of ACE inhibitors

Renal failure

Name a side effect of diuretics

Hypokalaemia

Briefly indicated the haemodynamic effect, if any, on teh adult circulation of atrial septal defect
Small left to right shunt - little effect
Briefly indicated the haemodynamic effect, if any, on the adult circulation of ventricular septal defect
left to right shunt - left ventricular failure perhaps later right ventricular hypertrophy
Briefly indicate the haemodynamic effect, if any, on the adult circulation of patent ductus arteriosus
left to right shunt - perhaps mild pulmonary hypertension and dilation of left atrium and ventricle
List 3 signs of chronic hypoperfusion of the limbs
Poor peripheral pulse

Atrophic and hairless skin


Cold skin

What is the magnitude of the normal central venous pressure?
4 cm of water
Which endocrine axis is chiefly stimulated by elevated central venous pressure and where are the pressure receptors located?
Atrial natriuretic peptide, Right atrium, Great veins
What are the actions of atrial natriuretic peptide?
Vasodilator, Natriuretic - reduces plasma volume, Angiotensin antagonist
Name the adrenergic receptor involved in constriction of the splanchnic arterioles during exercise
Alpha1
Name the adrenergic receptor involved in dialtion of the resistance arterioles in skeletal muscle during exercise
Beta2
Name the adrenergic receptor involved in increasing the HR during exercise
Beta2
Name the adrenergic receptor involved in increasing the force of cardiac contractility on standing
Beta1
Name the adrenergic receptor involved in increasing the venous return on standing
Alpha1
List 3 conditions that might cause ankle oedema without causing pulmonary oedema
Right heart failureInferior vena cava obstructionBlockage of the lymph drainage from the legs
Name 2 conditions that might cause ankle and pulmonary oedema
Glomerulonephritis, Liver failure