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61 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Population

Group of individuals of same species in same area at same time


-Rely on same resources


-Interbreed


-Interact


-This means populations are ever changing, EG snapshot of time, different species will make up the same area overtime.


Natural Range

Where conditions are suitable to sustain growth.



- Species may not live in said area but resources and conditions are capable of supporting life.

Realized Range

Where populations are found at any given time



-Size (Number of individuals)


-Distribution


-Pattern


-Density

Natural Range (Climate)

-Combination of Temp and Moisture (30-40 year trends)


Local climate is affected by (3)

Local climate is affected by:


Elevation:


Slope: Conditions on top of slope way be different from conditions found mid slope or at the bottom


Aspect: is the relative position of slope or area: North facing or south facing. South facing slope will lose moisture faster due to solar radiation (Sun)


Is Natural Range static

Natural range can change over time in response to changing environmental conditions.



-Climate change

Factors affecting realized range

Biotic factors


- Other living organisms


-competitors


-predators, deseas, and parasites



Land Change


-Disturbance


-Humans

Describing a population distribution

Density: The number of individuals per unit area



Pattern: The spacial arrangement of individuals

Prairie-forest continuum and tree density

Prairie: Less than .5 trees/Ha


Savanna: .5 - 4.7 trees/Ha


Woodland: 4.8 - 9.9 trees/Ha


Forest: More than 9.9 trees/Ha

Distribution pattern: the spacial arrangement of individuals (3)

1)Random


2)Uniform


3)Clumped

Random (Distribution pattern)

Any individual of the population has an equal change at living anywhere within the area



-Neutral interactions between individuals / individuals and with the environment

Uniform (distribution pattern)

Individuals of a population are evenly distributed throughout an area



-Direct interaction (Competition) between individuals of the population or depletion of local resources

Clumped (Distribution pattern)

Individuals of the population occur in areas of high abundance separated by areas of low abundance



-Attraction between individuals or attraction of individuals to a common resource

Describing and monitoring populations

-Sundrops occur in very small populations across large areas



-Small populations are always at risk of the nega1ve effects of inbreeding and extinction.



-Are these populations at risk? Why? Why not??

Why is it important to monitor Populations


- Monitor population health


- Whether it is growing or declining


- Range


- Density of population


- Reasons for increase or decrease


- Factors responsible for growth or decline


- Whether a population is rebounding from an impact

Colonization

-the process in biology by which a species spreads to new areas. Colonisation often refers to successful immigration where a population becomes integrated into a community



-Once reached large population size, colonization takes off on its own becoming the dominate species in said area.



Community

A living (Biotic) life within a given area

Characterizing Community (3)

1)Species richness (Number of species)


2)Species evenness (Relative number of each species)


3)Niche structure (Number of Niches)

Island Biogeography:


Islands have less species diversification than larger landmasses, the degree of isolation greatly affects species richness



-Degree of isolation


-Size of island

Intraspecific Competition

Competition between individuals of the same species

interspecific competition

Competition between individuals of different species

Competition exclusive principal

If two species occupy the same niche one will eliminate the other

Fundamental niche

Determined my abiotic factors

Realized Niche

Determined by species competition


Ecosystem

is a community of living organisms (plants, animals and microbes) in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system.

Ecosystem function can be measure by?

1)Productivity


2)decomposition rates


3)Complexity of species interaction


Three types of stability

1)Constancy(remains unchanged)


2)resistance The ability for the ecosystem to resist initial disturbance


3)resilience (Ability of an ecosystem or population to bounce back after disturbance

Speciation

The development of new species through the splitting of lineages



- Occurs when populations are separated through either geographic or reproductive isolation

Geographic isolation

one populations splits into two or more geographically isolated populations

Reproductive isolation

To complete speciation, members of the different populations are unable to reproduce creating viable offspring.

Reproductive isolation (4)

1)Ecological isolation


2)Temporal isolation


3)Mechanical isolation


4)Parapatric isolation

1) Ecological isolation

Occupy different environmental niches

2) Temporal isolation

fertile at different times

Mechanical isolation

The parts don't fit

Parapatric isolation

Less likely to breed with those further away

Gradualism (Evolution)

Small evolutionary changes accumulating over time leading to new species (speciation)

Punctuated equilibrium

Large periods of inactivity followed by large jumps

Variation

When an individual is genetically different from others of the same species

mechanisms of change (4)

1)Gene flow


2)Genetic Drift


3)Mutations


4)Natural selection

Genetic Drift

- Randomly occurs in small populations


- Uncommon characteristics are likely to be lost


- Decreased genetic diversity within population

Gene flow

Movement of genes from one population to another



- Can quickly increase genetic variations within a population

Mutation (2)

1)Germ line mutations


2)somatic mutations


Germ line mutations

Mutations occurring in sex cells and can be passed on to offspring

Somatic mutations

Mutations occurring in cells that will not form gametes

Natural selection

1)Overproduction


2)struggle for existence


3)inheritance and accumulation of favourable traits


4)Survival and reproduction of the fittest

Phenotypic plasticity

The ability of an organism to respond to different environmental conditions by altering its morphology



- Nothing different in the plants genetics, purely a physical adaption

Developmental plasticity

1)Phase change


2)Seasonal heteromorphism

phase change

Gradual changes in characteristics from juvenile to mature form

Seasonal heteromorphism

Early development features are different from later developed features (seasonal)


-Dimorphism of leaves

Community

Populations of different species living and interacting within the same area

Ecosystem

All biotic and abiotic factors working in conjuntion form an ecosystem

Essential resource

Required for growth and cannot be substituted for another resource

Substitutable resources

can substituted one resource for another to maintain growth

Ecosystem dynamics (Bottoms up approach)

The supply of energy and nutrients influences ecosystem activities at higher trophic levels

Ecosystem dynamics (Top down approach)

The top predator controls the dynamic of the ecosystem

Indicator species

Any species that defines a trait or characteristic of their environment

Keystone species

species that has a disproportionate impact on its environment when contrasted to its abundance


-community altered drastically is removed

Foundation species

Dominated an ecosystem in abundance and influence


- Creates habitat


- not in dangered

Succession is a function of (3)

-Site availability


-Species availability


-Species performance

Primary succession

Primary succession is the colonization of new sites by communities of organisms.

Secondary succession

refers to the concept of an ecosystem rebounding after previously colonized, but disturbed or damaged habitat.