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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Population |
Group of individuals of same species in same area at same time -Rely on same resources -Interbreed -Interact -This means populations are ever changing, EG snapshot of time, different species will make up the same area overtime.
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Natural Range |
Where conditions are suitable to sustain growth.
- Species may not live in said area but resources and conditions are capable of supporting life. |
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Realized Range |
Where populations are found at any given time
-Size (Number of individuals) -Distribution -Pattern -Density |
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Natural Range (Climate) |
-Combination of Temp and Moisture (30-40 year trends)
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Local climate is affected by (3) |
Local climate is affected by: Elevation: Slope: Conditions on top of slope way be different from conditions found mid slope or at the bottom Aspect: is the relative position of slope or area: North facing or south facing. South facing slope will lose moisture faster due to solar radiation (Sun)
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Is Natural Range static |
Natural range can change over time in response to changing environmental conditions.
-Climate change |
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Factors affecting realized range |
Biotic factors - Other living organisms -competitors -predators, deseas, and parasites
Land Change -Disturbance -Humans |
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Describing a population distribution |
Density: The number of individuals per unit area
Pattern: The spacial arrangement of individuals |
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Prairie-forest continuum and tree density |
Prairie: Less than .5 trees/Ha Savanna: .5 - 4.7 trees/Ha Woodland: 4.8 - 9.9 trees/Ha Forest: More than 9.9 trees/Ha |
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Distribution pattern: the spacial arrangement of individuals (3) |
1)Random 2)Uniform 3)Clumped |
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Random (Distribution pattern) |
Any individual of the population has an equal change at living anywhere within the area
-Neutral interactions between individuals / individuals and with the environment |
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Uniform (distribution pattern) |
Individuals of a population are evenly distributed throughout an area
-Direct interaction (Competition) between individuals of the population or depletion of local resources |
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Clumped (Distribution pattern) |
Individuals of the population occur in areas of high abundance separated by areas of low abundance
-Attraction between individuals or attraction of individuals to a common resource |
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Describing and monitoring populations |
-Sundrops occur in very small populations across large areas
-Small populations are always at risk of the nega1ve effects of inbreeding and extinction.
-Are these populations at risk? Why? Why not?? |
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Why is it important to monitor Populations |
- Monitor population health - Whether it is growing or declining - Range - Density of population - Reasons for increase or decrease - Factors responsible for growth or decline - Whether a population is rebounding from an impact |
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Colonization |
-the process in biology by which a species spreads to new areas. Colonisation often refers to successful immigration where a population becomes integrated into a community
-Once reached large population size, colonization takes off on its own becoming the dominate species in said area.
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Community |
A living (Biotic) life within a given area |
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Characterizing Community (3) |
1)Species richness (Number of species) 2)Species evenness (Relative number of each species) 3)Niche structure (Number of Niches) |
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Island Biogeography: |
Islands have less species diversification than larger landmasses, the degree of isolation greatly affects species richness
-Degree of isolation -Size of island |
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Intraspecific Competition |
Competition between individuals of the same species |
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interspecific competition |
Competition between individuals of different species |
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Competition exclusive principal |
If two species occupy the same niche one will eliminate the other |
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Fundamental niche |
Determined my abiotic factors |
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Realized Niche |
Determined by species competition
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Ecosystem |
is a community of living organisms (plants, animals and microbes) in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. |
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Ecosystem function can be measure by? |
1)Productivity 2)decomposition rates 3)Complexity of species interaction
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Three types of stability |
1)Constancy(remains unchanged) 2)resistance The ability for the ecosystem to resist initial disturbance 3)resilience (Ability of an ecosystem or population to bounce back after disturbance |
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Speciation |
The development of new species through the splitting of lineages
- Occurs when populations are separated through either geographic or reproductive isolation |
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Geographic isolation |
one populations splits into two or more geographically isolated populations |
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Reproductive isolation |
To complete speciation, members of the different populations are unable to reproduce creating viable offspring. |
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Reproductive isolation (4) |
1)Ecological isolation 2)Temporal isolation 3)Mechanical isolation 4)Parapatric isolation |
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1) Ecological isolation |
Occupy different environmental niches |
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2) Temporal isolation |
fertile at different times |
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Mechanical isolation |
The parts don't fit |
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Parapatric isolation |
Less likely to breed with those further away |
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Gradualism (Evolution) |
Small evolutionary changes accumulating over time leading to new species (speciation) |
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Punctuated equilibrium |
Large periods of inactivity followed by large jumps |
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Variation |
When an individual is genetically different from others of the same species |
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mechanisms of change (4) |
1)Gene flow 2)Genetic Drift 3)Mutations 4)Natural selection |
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Genetic Drift |
- Randomly occurs in small populations - Uncommon characteristics are likely to be lost - Decreased genetic diversity within population |
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Gene flow |
Movement of genes from one population to another
- Can quickly increase genetic variations within a population |
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Mutation (2) |
1)Germ line mutations 2)somatic mutations
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Germ line mutations |
Mutations occurring in sex cells and can be passed on to offspring |
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Somatic mutations |
Mutations occurring in cells that will not form gametes |
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Natural selection |
1)Overproduction 2)struggle for existence 3)inheritance and accumulation of favourable traits 4)Survival and reproduction of the fittest |
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Phenotypic plasticity |
The ability of an organism to respond to different environmental conditions by altering its morphology
- Nothing different in the plants genetics, purely a physical adaption |
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Developmental plasticity |
1)Phase change 2)Seasonal heteromorphism |
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phase change |
Gradual changes in characteristics from juvenile to mature form |
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Seasonal heteromorphism |
Early development features are different from later developed features (seasonal) -Dimorphism of leaves |
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Community |
Populations of different species living and interacting within the same area |
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Ecosystem |
All biotic and abiotic factors working in conjuntion form an ecosystem |
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Essential resource |
Required for growth and cannot be substituted for another resource |
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Substitutable resources |
can substituted one resource for another to maintain growth |
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Ecosystem dynamics (Bottoms up approach) |
The supply of energy and nutrients influences ecosystem activities at higher trophic levels |
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Ecosystem dynamics (Top down approach) |
The top predator controls the dynamic of the ecosystem |
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Indicator species |
Any species that defines a trait or characteristic of their environment |
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Keystone species |
species that has a disproportionate impact on its environment when contrasted to its abundance -community altered drastically is removed |
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Foundation species |
Dominated an ecosystem in abundance and influence - Creates habitat - not in dangered |
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Succession is a function of (3) |
-Site availability -Species availability -Species performance |
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Primary succession |
Primary succession is the colonization of new sites by communities of organisms. |
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Secondary succession |
refers to the concept of an ecosystem rebounding after previously colonized, but disturbed or damaged habitat. |