Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Clear and Present Danger Test |
A rule used by the Supreme Court to distinguish between speech protected and not protected by the First Amendment. Under this rule, the First Amendment does not protect speech aimed at inciting an illegal action. |
|
|
Conformity Cost |
The difference between what a person ideally would prefer and what the group with which that person makes collective decisions actually does. Individuals pay these whenever collective decisions produce policy outcomes that do not best serve their interests |
|
|
Direct Democracy |
A system of government in which citizens make policy decisions by voting on legislation themselves rather than by delegating that authority to their representatives. |
|
|
Duverger's Law |
The principle that in a democracy with single-member districts and plurality voting, like the United States, only two parties' candidates will have a realistic chance of winning political office |
|
|
Executive Agreements |
An agreement between the president and one or more other countries. Similar to a treaty, but unlike a treaty, it does not require the approval of the Senate. |
|
|
Executive Order |
A presidential directive to an executive agency establishing new policies or indicating how an existing policy is to be carried out. |
|
|
Free-Rider Problem |
A situation in which individuals can receive the benefits from a collective activity whether or not they helped to pay for it, leaving them with no incentive to contribute. |
|
|
Iron Triangles |
A stable, mutually beneficial political relationship among a congressional committee (or subcommittee), administrative agency, and organized interests concerned with a particular policy domain. |
|
|
Lemon Test |
The three-part test for Establishment Clause cases that a law must pass before it is declared constitutional: it must have a secular purpose; it must neither advance nor inhibit religion; and it must not cause excessive entanglement with religion |
|
|
Pack Journalism |
the tendency of journalists to cover stories because other journalists are covering them and to ignore stories that other journalists arent covering |
|
|
Politics |
The process by which individuals and groups reach agreement on a common course of action even as they continue to disagree on the goals that action is intended to achieve. |
|
|
Prisoner's Dilemma |
A situation in which two (or more) actors cannot agree to cooperate for fear that the other will find its interest best served by reneging on an agreement. |
|
|
Selective Incorporation |
A judicial doctrine whereby most but not all of the protections found int he Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment |
|
|
Soft Money |
Money used by political parties for voter registration, public education, and voter mobilization. Until 2002, when Congress passed legislation outlawing it, the government had imposed no limits on contributions or expenditures for such purposes. |
|
|
Solicitor General |
The official responsible for representing the U.S. government before the Supreme Court. They are a ranking member of the U.S. Department of Justice. |
|
|
Whip |
A member of a legislative party who acts as the communicator between the party leadership and the rank and file. They poll members on their voting intentions, prepares bill summaries, and assists the leadership in various other tasks. |
|
|
Formal Powers of President |
Formal powers are ones that come with the position. That are given to you as part of president -Veto -Command Armed Forces -Pardoning Power -Appointment Powers -Treaties |
|
|
Mill's Argument for Freedom of Speech |
If all mankind minus one were of one opinion, and only one person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. |
|
|
Common Law System |
A common law system is the system of jurisprudence that is based on the doctrine of judicial precedent, the principle under which the lower courts must follow the decisions of the higher courts, rather than on statutory laws. |
|
|
Nature and Incentives of Bureaucracy |
A bureaucracy is a large organization that is structured hierarchically to carry outspecific functions. The purpose of a bureaucracy is the efficient administration of rules,regulations, and policies. Governments, businesses, and other institutions such ascolleges and universities have bureaucracies by necessity. |
|
|
Created Powers of the President |
Powers that are given informally, these are powers that they end of having but aren't in the job description. -Power to Go Public -Make Executive Agreements -Personality and Leadership -Legislative Proposals. |
