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29 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
tRNA
a strand of RNA that is folded in a hairpin shape
Carries amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis
Ribose
The sugar found in RNA
Makes up part of the "backbone" of RNA
mRNA
a single uncoiled strand of RNA
carries genetic info to the ribosome for protein synthesis
DNA polymerase
The enzyme that adds new nitrogen bases to the DNA molecule during replication
Promoter
The beginning of a gene
RNA polymerase binds here during transcription.
Three ways mutations can occur
Extreme heat - breaks the bonds in DNA
UV rays - can cause extra base pairs to be inserted or deleted
Chemicals - same as UV rays
Interphase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
This is when the cell does it's normal activities
RNA transcription
The process of making RNA from DNA.
Occurs in the nucleus
Mitosis
makes more body cells
keeps the same number of chromosomes
2 daughter cells formed
DNA replication
1. Helicase unzips the DNA molecule
2. DNA polymerase adds complementary nitrogen bases to each side of the DNA molecule in opposite directions
3. Each new DNA strands is half old DNA and half new DNA
hydrogen bonds
the type of bonds found between the nitrogen bases of DNA.
Weak bonds, allows DNA to split apart for replication and transcription.
heterozygous
one dominant and one recessive gene
Rr
DNA to RNA base pairing rules
A to U
T to A
G to C
C to G
Differences between DNA and RNA
Use different sugars
different number of strands
no thymine in RNA, uses uracil instead
Deoxyribose
The sugar found in DNA
Makes up part of the "backbone" of DNA
Incomplete dominance
the heterozygous form is a blend of the two traits
Red, Pink, or White
Helicase
Enzyme that splits apart the DNA molecule in DNA replication
homozygous recessive
two recessive genes
rr
Meiosis
Makes reproductive cells (sperm and egg)
reduces the number of chromosomes in half
4 daughter cells formed
Cell Cycle
G1 - growth phase
S - DNA is copied
G2 - prepares for cell division
M - mitosis/meiosis
homozygous dominant
two dominant genes
RR
Phosphate Group
Makes up part of the "backbone" of DNA, and RNA
termination signal
the end of a gene
once RNA polymerase reaches this point, transcription stops
DNA base pairing rules
A to T
T to A
G to C
C to G
Co-dominance
both traits are dominant
Heterozygous shows both traits
Red Hair, White Hair, or Roan Hair (red and white)
rRNA
RNA found in a ribosome, mixed with protein
Globular Shape
RNA polymerase
The enzyme responsible for transcription
X-linked traits
a trait that is linked to the x-chromosome
females can be carriers with one recessive trait
females can have the disease with two recessive traits
males only need one recessive trait to have the disease
Nitrogen Bases
The middle part of DNA or RNA. The sequence of nitrogen bases determines the code for proteins