Chapter 8 - Personality

Front 1

Personality

Back 1

complex set of unique psychological characteristics, such as cognitions, motivations and behaviours, that exert an influence on an individual's pattern of behaviour in various situations

Front 2

Anal stage

Back 2

Second stage in psychosexual development that occurs from approximately 18 months and 2 years

Front 3

Anal aggressive

Back 3

No adult personality type who is impulsive, disorderly, sadistic and hostile. (Suggesting fixation at freuds anal stage)

Front 4

Anal retentive

Back 4

An adult personality type that is stubborn, stingy, rigid, compulsively neat and overly conscientious

Front 5

Anima

Back 5

The archetype that represents the feminine part of a man's personality

Front 6

Animus

Back 6

Archetype that represents the masculine part of a woman's personality

Front 7

Archetypes

Back 7

Universal forms of thinking in the collective unconscious that predisposed humans to behave in certain ways

Front 8

Attentional process

Back 8

Process within observational learning whereby an individual needs to actively pay attention to a model

Front 9

Behaviourist preach to personality development

Back 9

environmental experiences are seen to have the strongest influence on the development of personality

Front 10

Castration anxiety

Back 10

Unconscious fear by boys during the phallic stage of psychosexual development, where a boy fears that his father will cut off his penis as retaliation for his unconscious desire to possess his mother

Front 11

Classical conditioning

Back 11

Learning in which stimulus driven behaviours come to be elicited by new stmuli

Front 12

Cognitive approach to personality development

Back 12

Emphasises that people are rational beings who make sense of their world's by means of personal constructs, which allow them to anticipate what will happen in future

Front 13

Collective unconscious

Back 13

Inherited part of our psyche, which is shared by all Human beings

Front 14

Collectivist culture

Back 14

Culture characterised by interdependence amongst individuals, empathy and a strong sense of belonging to a supportive group

Front 15

Conscious

Back 15

Level of personality which, according to freud, corresponds to the sensations and experiences that we are aware of at any given moment in time

Front 16

Corollaries

Back 16

Assumptions that stem from an elaborate on a fundamental postulate

Front 17

Death instincts

Back 17

Destructive forces of human nature

Front 18

Deficiency needs

Back 18

Category of needs distinguished by maslow, which include psychological needs, safety needs, social needs and esteem needs

Front 19

Ego

Back 19

Structure of personality, and one that guides energy of the id by using reason; one of jungs levels of psyche, and the one that contains all the experiences that we are aware of at any one time

Front 20

Electra complex

Back 20

According to Freud ,an unconscious desire of girls to possess the opposite sex parent and at the same time dispose of the of the same sex parent

Front 21

Erogenous zone

Back 21

Part of the body that experiences sexual pleasure, such as the mouth, anus and sexual organs.

Front 22

External locus of control

Back 22

Central concept in personality that assumes that the outcomes of behaviour are dependant on forces outside of the individual and beyond individual control

Front 23

Extraversion

Back 23

An attitude where the psyche is orientated outwards towards the objective world

Front 24

Genital stage

Back 24

Final stage in psychosexual development which occurs in the onset of puberty

Front 25

Growth needs

Back 25

Category distinguished by maslow entailing the needs of self actualisation

Front 26

Humanistic approach to personality development

Back 26

An approach to personality that focuses on internal motivators of behaviour, and which has an optimistic view of human nature, believing that all humans have a positive nature, self determination and free will

Front 27

Id

Back 27

One of freuds structures of personality; is entirely unconscious and houses instincts and libido

Front 28

Individualistic culture

Back 28

Culture that encourages, fosters and facilitates needs, wishes, desires and values of individuals over those of a group

Front 29

Instincts

Back 29

Freud - basic motivational drives that determine the basis for personality, which are conceptualised as mental representations of the internal stimuli that drive a person to take certain actions

Front 30

Internal locus of control

Back 30

Central concept in personality where behaviour is assumed to be controlled by factors deemed to be intrinsic to the individual, such as motivation

Front 31

Internalisation

Back 31

Process whereby rules of right and wrong behaviour becomes self administered

Front 32

Introversion

Back 32

Attitude where psyche is oriented inwards towards the internal subjective world

Front 33

Latency

Back 33

Period between phallic and genital stages of psychosexual development, during which sexual instincts are seen as dormant

Front 34

Libido

Back 34

Freud- psychic energy manifested by life instincts; according to jung, the generalised life force that refers to human strivings and desires, and a focused psychic energy that facilitates personality dynamics

Front 35

Life instincts

Back 35

Instincts that serves people's need for survival, growth and development

Front 36

Lifespan approach to personality

Back 36

Approach to personality development that focuses on individuals entire lifespan, from birth until death

Front 37

Modelling

Back 37

Displaying behaviour that an individual may observe and repeat; the action of repeating behaviour an individual has seen someone else perform

Front 38

Motivational process

Back 38

Process within observational learning whereby an individual is motivated to repeat an observed behaviour

Front 39

Motor reproduction process

Back 39

Process within observational learning whereby an individual transforms symbolically represented behaviour into action

Front 40

Neopsychoanalytic approach to personality development

Back 40

Approach that uses the psychoanalytic approach as a major frame of reference in the development of its own theories

Front 41

Observational learning

Back 41

Process whereby individuals observe the behaviour of others, and model their own behaviour on that which is observed

Front 42

Surface traits

Back 42

Overt behaviours and characteristics that people show consistently

Front 43

Traits

Back 43

Personal characteristics which people have to a greater or lesser degree

Front 44

Unconscious

Back 44

Freud- Level of personality which contains memories, emotions and instincts that are so threatening to the the conscious mind that they remain buried in the unconscious mind

Front 45

Vicarious reinforcement

Back 45

Process whereby an individual observes others receding rewards or punishments or being ignored for a particular behaviour and then anticipates receiving similar consequences for a similar behaviour, resulting in that individual attending to, remembering and performing that behaviour himself, or not

not

not

not

not

not

not

not

not

not

not

not

Front 46

Oedipus complex

Back 46

Freud - unconscious desire of boys to possess the opposite see parenting at the same time dispose of the same sec parent

Front 47

Operant behaviour

Back 47

According to behaviourist approach, behaviour that acts on the environment, controlling the environment and being controlled by it

Front 48

Operant conditioning

Back 48

Change in frequency and form of behaviour in response to the consequences the behaviour produces

Front 49

Oral aggressive

Back 49

Adult personality type who is excessively pessimistic, hostile, aggressive, manipulative and exploitative

Front 50

Oral passive

Back 50

Adult personality type who is cheerful, optimistic, continually seeking approval and expecting mothering from all those around him

Front 51

Oral stage

Back 51

First stage in psychosexual approach which occurs from birth to approximately 18 months of age

Front 52

Penis envy

Back 52

Freud- unconscious wish experienced during phallic stage of psychosexual development in which girls wish they have a penis

Front 53

Persona

Back 53

Archtype that refers to the social roles that people assume in society

Front 54

Personality

Back 54

Dynamic and complex set of unique psychological characteristics that influence an individual's patterns of behaviour in various situations

Front 55

Personal constructs

Back 55

Fundamental components of personality that represent ways of construing or making sense of the world so that the future can be anticipated

Front 56

Personal unconscious

Back 56

June - level of psyche that is a collection of all our forgotten or repressed experiences, or those we are unaware of at any point in time

Front 57

Phallic stage

Back 57

Third stage in psychosexual development that occurs between the ages of approximately 3 and 6 years

Front 58

Pleasure principle

Back 58

Way in which the Id operates to increase pleasure and avoid pain

Front 59

Positive reinforcements

Back 59

Favourable consequence of behaviour that serves to increase the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated

Front 60

Postulate

Back 60

Broad idea that is accepted as true and is not tested directly, and acts as starting point for a theory

Front 61

Primary process thought

Back 61

Freud - way in which the id attempts to satisfy it's needs through reflex actions and wish fulfilling fantasy experiences

Front 62

Preconscious

Back 62

Freud - level of personality that houses the thoughts, memories and perceptions that we may be able to recall if we shift from the present state of consciousness to the preconscious level

Front 63

Psyche

Back 63

jung - centre of both mind and soul where all experience and meaning is combined in a uniquely human way

Front 64

Psychoanalytic approach to personality development

Back 64

Approach that considers the structures of personality as largely unconscious, and that perceives behaviour as strongly influenced by the ongoing conflict between instincts, unconscious motives, past experiences and social norms

Front 65

Psychological process

Back 65

Kelly - people's experiences, thoughts, feelings and behaviours

Front 66

Psychological types

Back 66

Jung- arise out of combinations of two attitudes, introversion and extraversion, and four functions

Front 67

Punishment

Back 67

When behaviour is followed by a negative or aversive stimulus, the behaviour typically decreases in strength

Front 68

Reality principle

Back 68

Process whereby the ego helps to satisfy id impulses In socially appropriate ways

Front 69

Respondent behaviour

Back 69

According to behaviourist approach, specific and spontaneous response to a known stimulus where the stimulus precedes the response in time

Front 70

Retention process

Back 70

Process within observational learning whereby an individual remembers an observed behaviour

Front 71

Secondary process thought

Back 71

Freud - mental functions that develop from interaction with the outside world (perception, recognition, judgment and behaviour)

Front 72

Self

Back 72

Archetype that represents the striving towards unity among all aspects of the personality, and controls the allocation of psychic energy so that different parts of the personality are expressed appropriately

Front 73

Self actualisation need

Back 73

Highest level need distinguished by maslow, which provides the most intense kinds of spiritual or psychic gratification

Front 74

Self efficacy

Back 74

Belief that one has the ability to perform behaviours needed to achieve certain goals or manage a situation

Front 75

Self reinforcement

Back 75

Process whereby individuals improve or maintain their behaviour by giving themselves self devised rewards whenever their behaviour falls within certain self imposed standards

Front 76

Shadow

Back 76

Archetype that refers to those thoughts, feelings and behaviours that people possess but do not accept

Front 77

Social learning approach to personality

Back 77

Approach that recognises the influence of stimulus response process on behaviour as well as people's internal interpretations of the environment, and people's social interactions in the development of personality

Front 78

Source triats

Back 78

Underlying source of a person's surface triats

Front 79

Superego

Back 79

Freud - structures of personality and the one that contains the notions of right and wrong that we have learned during childhood