Death: Grief And Growth Exam #2

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diagnosis-related groups (DRGs)

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A program of reimbursement for medical care that makes use of a predetermined schedule of fees for various services provided to patients.

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institutional neurosis

Back 2

In routinized and bureaucratic environments, the increasing dependence of residents on staff for even mundane needs and the erosion of their unique personality traits.

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interventional cascade

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The use of multiple sophisticated medical technologies to sustain life and delay death.

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palliative care

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The active total care of patients whose disease is not responsive to curative treatment; emphasizes healing of the person and relief of distressing symptoms rather than curing of a disease.

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respite care

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Temporary care that allows family members or other caregivers a break in caring for a patient.

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triage

Back 6

A method of responding to emergencies that aims to reduce time between injury and treatment by assigning priorities to patients based on the seriousness of their injuries; lower priority is assigned to patients with only a remote chance of survival and those with minor injuries while higher priority is given to patients whose injuries are serious but survivable.

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whole patient care

Back 7

A personal and comprehensive approach to medical care that attends not only to a patient's physical needs, but also to his or her mental, emotional, and spiritual needs; also known as whole patient care.

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active euthanasia

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The intentional act of ending the life of a patient who is suffering from an incurable and painful disease.

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advance directive

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A legal form or statement made by an individual to express his or her preferences about life-sustaining treatment in the event he or she becomes unable to make such decisions or communicate them in the future.

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codicil

Back 10

An amendment or change to a will.

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comfort measures only (CMO)

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A message to medical staff that a patient does not want attempts made to revive him or her in the event of cardiac or respiratory failure.

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do not resuscitate (DNR)

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A message to medical staff that a patient should not have attempts made to revive him or her in event of cardiac or respiratory failure.

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double effect

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The doctrine that a harmful effect of treatment, even if it results in death, is permissible if the harm is not intended and occurs as a side effect of a beneficial action.

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estate

Back 14

The money, property, and other possessions belonging to an individual.

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executor

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A person named in a will to see that the provisions of the will are carried out properly.

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extraordinary measures

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Medical interventions intended to sustain life temporarily until a patient's own restorative powers allow the resumption of normal biological functioning.

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informed consent

Back 17

The duty of physicians to disclose information about treatment to patients and to obtain their consent before proceeding with treatment.

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intestate succession

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The distribution of an estate according to guidelines established in state law when a person has not made a will.

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living will

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A form of advance directive that enables individuals to provide instructions about the kind of medical care they wish to receive if they become incapacitated or otherwise unable to participate in treatment decisions.

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passive euthanasia

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Withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment.

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Patient Self-Determination Act

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Legislation enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1990 that requires providers of services under Medicare and Medicaid to inform patients of their rights to appoint a health care proxy and to document their wishes for treatment by using advance directives.

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placebo

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A substance lacking active pharmacologic properties given as medicine for its suggestive effect or for mental relief of the patient rather than its actual effect on a disease.

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probate

Back 23

The legal process by which an estate is settled and property distributed.

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prognosis

Back 24

The expected course and duration of a disease.

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surrogate

Back 25

In the context of advance directives, a person appointed to make decisions about medical treatment. See also health care proxy.

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acute pain

Back 26

A biological signal of the potential for or extent of injury that can serve as a protective mechanism, prompting the sufferer to remove or withdraw from the source of pain.

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chemotherapy

Back 27

The treatment of disease using chemicals (drugs).

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chronic pain

Back 28

As contrasted with acute pain, chronic pain usually lasts longer than three to six months.

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coping potency

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The capacity to maintain a sense of self-worth, set goals and strive to meet them, sustain hope for the future, and exercise choice with an awareness of one's power to interactively engage with the environment; also known as resiliency.

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dying trajectory

Back 30

The duration and progression of a disease or injury toward death. Two contrasting patterns are (1) the lingering trajectory, when life fades away slowly from a disease and (2) the expected quick trajectory such as occurs in emergencies that result in sudden death.

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five stages

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A model of emotional and psychological response to life-threatening illness devised by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross and consisting of denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

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metastasis

Back 32

The spread of multiple sites of cancer additional to the primary or original site.

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middle knowledge

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An aspect of coping with life-threatening illness that involves fluctuation between acceptance and denial as patients and those close to them seek a balance between acknowledging the reality of the patient's condition and sustaining hope for recovery.

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social death

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A pattern of avoidance stemming from the confrontation with mortality represented by life-threatening illness that leads people to abandon seriously ill patients and treat them as non-persons.

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aftercare

Back 35

Counseling or other bereavement support services provided by a funeral home to bereaved individuals and families.

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columbarium

Back 36

A structure with a series of vaults or niches for urns that usually contain human remains.

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cryogenic suspension

Back 37

The practice of subjecting a corpse or body part (typically a head) to extremely cold temperature with the aim of "suspending" biological activity until some time in the future when a cure for the disease that caused the death has been developed and life can be restored.

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crypt

Back 38

Historically, an underground burial vault or chamber, often situated beneath the floor of a church or cathedral; more recently, a chamber or vault in a mausoleum.

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cybermourners

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Mourners who participate in funeral services by watching live video of a funeral via the Internet.

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death notification

Back 40

The process of announcing that a death has occurred. Important elements include timely notification, control of the physical environment, details of the efforts to save life, explanation of the cause(s) of death, and appropriate emotional support. A standardized report giving brief details about a person's life and published, usually in small type in a single column, in a newspaper after his or her death. An account of a person's life and death printed in a format similar to other feature stories

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direct cremation

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A method of body disposition in which the corpse is immediately taken for cremation without formal viewing of the remains or any visitation or ceremony with the body present.

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embalming

Back 42

A process of treating a corpse with chemicals or other substances to temporarily retard decay or deterioration.

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grave goods

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Manufactured objects, personal effects, and other grave goods associated with intentional burials or cremations as an expression of social bonding.

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mausoleum

Back 44

An aboveground structure of concrete, marble, or other stone in which one or more bodies are entombed in vaults or chambers. . Historically, an underground burial vault or chamber, often situated beneath the floor of a church or cathedral; more recently, a chamber or vault in a mausoleum.

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memorial service

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A ceremony held in memory of a person who has died, typically without the body present. See also funeral.

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memorialization

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(1) An act of remembrance or commemoration; specifically, an act performed with the aim of honoring and remembering the dead. (2) The practice of preserving the identity of a person buried in a particular place by recording his or her name on a grave marker.

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mortician

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A person engaged in the business of professionally managing or arranging funerals and related services, typically including preparing the dead for burial or other disposition; also known as a mortician or undertaker.

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viewing room

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A room set aside in a funeral home where the casketed body is viewed by family and friends before a funeral service. See also visitation.

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virtual cemeteries

Back 49

Sites on the Internet that offer space for posting photographs and biographical information about the dead and where visitors have opportunities to sign a guestbook and leave "digital" flowers.

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water burial

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A method of body disposition that typically involves ceremonially sliding the corpse off the side of a ship ("burial at sea") or, less commonly, placing the corpse inside a boat that is set aflame and then set adrift.

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anticipatory grief

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A reaction to the awareness of an impending loss; also known as forewarning.

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attachment theory

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The belief that psychological maturing is dependent on a succession of attachments. When a person recognizes that an object (someone loved) to which he or she is attached no longer exists, grief arises, along with a defensive psychological demand to withdraw libido (energy) from the object.

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bereavement

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The objective event of loss.

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bereavement burnout

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A state associated with the experience of multiple losses in which a bereaved individual is overwhelmed by loss such that he or she becomes emotionally numb and disoriented, obstructing or impairing the normal expression of grief.

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complicated mourning

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A manifestation of grief that adversely affects the bereaved's ability to adapt to life without the deceased.

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disenfranchised grief

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Grief experienced in connection with a loss that is not socially supported or acknowledged.

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dual-process model of grief

Back 57

A framework for understanding grief as consisting of both loss-oriented and restoration-oriented coping behaviors, which are expressed by the bereaved in varying degrees at different times.

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grief

Back 58

The reaction to loss, encompassing thoughts and feelings, as well as physical, behavioral, and spiritual responses.

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grief work

Back 59

Based on attachment theory, the idea that bereaved individuals must actively confront a loss and work to detach previously invested (ego) energy from the deceased (object) so it can be reinvested in new relationships.

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intuitive vs instrumental grieving

Back 60

The idea that, in coping with loss, people may express grief both emotionally (intuitive grieving) and physically (instrumental grieving).

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mourning

Back 61

The process by which a bereaved person integrates a loss into his or her ongoing life, as influenced by social and cultural norms for expressing grief.

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bibliotherapy

Back 62

The use of books (especially literature and poetry) as an aid to coping with loss or other experiences.

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distancing strategies

Back 63

A method of coping with a difficult experience or situation by limiting the number of people with whom one has contact through the reduction of opportunities for potentially stressful interactions.

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protothanatic behavior

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Behavior, such as the child's game of "peekaboo," that involves preparation for concepts about life and death that eventually emerge in later interactions with the environment.

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selective memory

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A way to cope with difficult experiences by reconstructing memories in such a way that painful memories are "forgotten."

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sublimation

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Substituting for the desired activity or diverting the expression of an instinctual desire or impulse from an unacceptable form to one that is considered more socially or culturally acceptable.

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Principle of Symmetry

Back 67

Technology should be judged by its likelihood of enhancing a good balance between the extension and saving of life and the quality of life

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Karen Ann Quinlan

Back 68

--Was in a coma at age 21
--Breathing was sustained by a respirator
--Her parents asked that the respirator be disconnected, but the hospital refused
--NJ Supreme Court ruled that the respiration be discontinued
--"Death with dignity"

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Nancy Beth Cruzan

Back 69

--Vegetative state at age 25
--Nancy's parents asked for feeding tube to be removed
--"Unwarranted bodily intrusions"
--The hospital refused and MO Supreme Court denied the petition
--MO state court gave permission to remove feeding tube after testimony from Nancy's friends that she didn't want to be a vegetable
--"Clear and convincing evidence"

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Terri Schiavo

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--Vegetative state
--Husband petitioned a FL court to remove feeding tube
--Terri's parents refused, saying she was conscious
--Removed feeding tube
--Damage was irreversible

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Physician Assisted Suicide

Back 71

Physician helps a patient hasten his or her death by providing lethal drugs, offering advice on methods of suicide, or assisting with other interventions at the patient's explicit request with the understanding that the patient plans to use them to end his or her life

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Involuntary euthanasia

Back 72

death of a patient by a medical practitioner without the patient's consent

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Nonvoluntary euthanasia

Back 73

Surrogate decision maker asks a physician for assistance to end another person's life

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Terminal sedation

Back 74

When the dosage of medication needed to relieve a patient's pain must be increased to levels that can cause respiratory depression, resulting in the patient's death

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Ordinary care

Back 75

the use of conventional, proven therapies

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Will

Back 76

A legal document expressing a person's intentions and wishes for the disposition of his or her property after death

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Holographic will

Back 77

A will written entirely by the hand of the person signing it (some states do not recognize this as valid)

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Reactive depression

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Response to disruptions caused by the disease

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Preparatory depression

Back 79

Related to the awareness that one must prepare for death

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Malignant

Back 80

Having the potential to be lethal if not successfully treated

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Benign

Back 81

Not malignant

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Diagnosis

Back 82

The process by which a disease is identified

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Adjunctive therapy

Back 83

an auxiliary remedy which aids or assists another

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Cold Room

Back 84

Refrigerated room where corpses can be preserved to up to three days without embalming