Death And Dying All Together

Front 1

First year death anniversary marked in Judaism.

Back 1

Yahrzeit

Front 2

Form of Japanese Buddhism transplanted to North America.

Back 2

Jodu Shinshu

Front 3

Period of mourning observed after the death of a Hindu.

Back 3

Shraddha

Front 4

Jewish seven day period of mourning.

Back 4

Shivah

Front 5

Medieval European text used to comfort the dying.

Back 5

Ars Moriendi

Front 6

Final rituals performed over the dying in Christianity.

Back 6

Extreme Unction

Front 7

Hindu cremation rite.

Back 7

Antyeshti

Front 8

Pioneer researcher in the study of Near Death Experiences.

Back 8

Raymond Moody

Front 9

Individual behind the five stages of grief.

Back 9

Elizabeth Kubler–Ross

Front 10

The process of renegotiation of one’s relationship with a deceased loved one.

Back 10

Continuing Bonds

Front 11

Nirvana represents the state where the self becomes absorbed in Ultimate Reality or Brahman. true or false

Back 11

False

Front 12

Saguna Brahman represents the manifestation of Brahman in a personal form, such as a god or goddess. True or False

Back 12

True

Front 13

A Bodhisattva is a being who has achieved nirvana but chooses to remain in the world to help others achieve nirvana. True or False

Back 13

True

Front 14

Liberation in Jnana marga, or the path of knowledge, is defined as achieving an intimate personal relationship with a particular god or goddess. True or False

Back 14

False

Front 15

The figure of the Bodhisattva is associated with Theravada Buddhism. True or False

Back 15

False

Front 16

The term anatman refers to the soul or self in Hinduism. True or False

Back 16

False

Front 17

Samsara is a term common to both Buddhism and Hinduism that refers to the cycle of birth and rebirth. True or False

Back 17

True

Front 18

The teachings of the Buddha are contained in the sacred texts known as the Upanishads.
True or False

Back 18

False

Front 19

The first noble truth of Buddhism is that life is suffering. True or False

Back 19

True

Front 20

Dharma refers to the ethical performance of one’s societal duties and responsibilities in Hinduism. True or False

Back 20

True

Front 21

Gehenna refers to the early Jewish belief in a Hell–like place meant to punish sinners after their death.(True or False)

Back 21

True

Front 22

Kabbalah refers to ancient Jewish commentaries on the Torah. (True or False)

Back 22

False

Front 23

Origen believed that the original physical body of the deceased would be restored at the time of its resurrection.

Back 23

False

Front 24

Indulgences were sold by the Catholic Church to partially or entirely absolve individuals of their sins before death.

Back 24

True

Front 25

Jewish mysticism shows some interest and awareness of the concept of reincarnation

Back 25

True

Front 26

The intermediary state between Heaven and Hell in Islam.

Back 26

Barzakh

Front 27

Jewish philosopher who wrote the influential Treatise on Resurrection.

Back 27

Maimonides

Front 28

According to Islamic tradition, the angel who takes righteous souls to heaven

Back 28

'Izr'ail

Front 29

The term in Islam used to denote the absolute unity of God.

Back 29

Tawhid

Front 30

The philosopher whose position on bodily resurrection would be adopted as official church doctrine in the seventh century.

Back 30

Augutsine

Front 31

List the characteristics of ritual behaviour as outlined by Kastenbaum, and explain how he believes that practices in modern medical institutions contribute to a ritual avoidance of death by health professionals.

Back 31

The high tech approach takes away the natural feeling of death and gives false and prolonged hope.
The inflexible rules and creating a whos in charge role attempts to keep anxiety down
Nurses of terminally ill patients do not want family hanging around asking hard questions

Physcians do not sem to respect dying patients (rescitating them when asked not to)
The ritual of avoidance is taught from docto to student, rituals of not getting too close, avoiding eye contact and avoiding being personally involved

Front 32

Outline what occurs in modern medical institutions, according to Kastenbaum, as an individual is transformed from a patient to a corpse. Does he see this as being a particularly emotional and spiritually laden experience for both the patient and caregivers?

Back 32

A person loses their personhood as they are admitted to the hospital, they are expected to be a good patient. As a dying patient they are cut off from social interactions as nurses and doctors don't waste time on them.
When a person dies, it is all protocol and no emtion. A doctor comes in and announces them dead, with no attempt to show the body respect or keep it scared.

Front 33

In what way, according to Kastenbaum, was the definition of a “good death” defined by the needs of the medical profession, and how was this altered by the hospice movement?

Back 33

– a good death is quiet and uneventful
–few people are on the scene, staff do not interact with family
–no emotional goodbyes
–physcians do not involve themselves
–few technical and medical errors
–attention is focused on the body, not mental
– the person dies at the correct time
–the staff can say "we did everything we could"
–physical remains are made availible to medical or clinical research
–cost of terminal care is low

With hospice the goals changed to
–patients, family and staff have legitimate interests and needs
–the terminally ills own preferecnes need to be taken into account

Front 34

What are the goals of palliative care, according to Kastenbaum?

Back 34

Control of pain and other symptoms
Tge person should have a sense of basic security in his or her enviromem

Front 35

According to Kastenbaum, what factors enable society to be more open to discussing death publicly?

Back 35

Consumerism– people began to realize they were consumers of medical services.
Question authority– people began to question positions that were normally au t omativally respected such as teachers and doctors
Funeral directors became a safe target– books came out talking about funerals
Longer life expectancy– more elderly people around to remind then of death.
More time spent in the "terminal" stage of death because of medical advances
Medical advan c es increased the chance of victims of trauma or disease could survive.

Front 36

Outline the three versions of the good death described by Kastenbaum, and his opinions towards them.

Back 36

Good death by subtraction of pain or distress
Is a sublime and inspirational experience
The good death is one that achieves – they complete a psychological or spiritual journey

Front 37

What guidelines does Kastenbaum suggest when we consider our own ‘good’ or ‘ideal’ death. Do you see similarities between Kastenbaum’s guidelines and what you have read in the articles on Buddhism, Judaism, Islam, Christianity, and Hinduism?

Back 37

Relationships are of thr utmost importance, and without pain
Some deaths a re terrible
A good death should enact values held by society
The good death affirms our most significant relationships
The good death is transfiguring
A final phase to a good life
Satisfies our need for closure

Front 38

What does Leget mean when he talks about “inner space”?

Back 38

A metaphor almost like inner peace but does not cause frustration when you can not reach it. It is positive for communicator, and is an important precondition for palatine care

Front 39

What are the fivefold temptations associated with the medieval Ars Moriendi,and how does Leget adapt this to the contemporary needs of palliative care?

Back 39

Autonomy– the relation between oneself and others. The sin is complacency, placing oneself above others. The nurse uses inner space to listen to the patient wi th an open heart and mind
Pain control– the trouble is to alleviate pain without forgetting the value o suffering . Setting up the active and passive roles of pain reduction protect as Morinda
Attachment and relations– struggle between avarice and charity. Let go of earthly things and people. Inner space is important to be aware of one's attachments to the good things in life
Guilt and evil– the struggle between despair and hope for salvation. They talk about sins and promises
The meaning of life– loss of faith as a serious temptation. It is important to be able to live with uncertainties

Front 40

According to Leget, what benefits of the Ars Moriendi are applicable in contemporary times?

Back 40

Helpful for both those facing death of themselves a relative or a patient. The model is useful because it is a balance between self care and care for patients. Helpful to see in what poles a patient's spiritual process is developing

Front 41

Have you considered what it means to die a ‘good death’? If you have, how do you define that? If you have not considered it, why do you think that is the case?

Back 41

11

Front 42

Using pages 101–102 of the reading by Ravvin, outline the wide spectrum of views in Judaism concerning end–of–life care.

Back 42

Most of the orthodox, reform, conservative and reconstructionist congregations have not studied theological writings of rabbinic authorities and may not know the official position on issues
Orthodox are more likely to observe traditional rights
Reform Judaism allows breaking traditional laws to save a life
Most jews are against euthanasia
Conservative Judaism argue for a balance between individual choice and rabbinic authority
Jews believe nothing can be done to hasten death, however impediments to the natural progress of death may be removed

Front 43

What is the story of Jacob at the end of Genesis? According to Ravvin, how is it considered a model for a good death and the prototype for a narrative concerning end–of–life care?

Back 43

He offers his charge to Joseph, including prophesies of the future and shows familial love in the shadow of death. He gathered his strength and stood one last time before dying . The narrative is one of intimacy and retains an uncanny resemblance to Jewish imaginings of end of life.

Front 44

Using pages 107–109 of the Ravvin chapter, outline some of the historical changes that have influenced Jewish attitudes towards the good death and end–of–life care.

Back 44

Holocaust
Destruction if the first temple in Jerusalem followed the notion that Israel was being punished for its sins.
Crusades, inquisition and the Holocaust are turning points that brought significant change

Front 45

Using pages 112–114 of the Ravvin chapter, outline the steps taken in Jewish hospices to ensure that the dying experience a ‘good death.’

Back 45

Kosher food
Maintain seperate leadership synagogues education and cultural life
They read a prayer as and after the soul departs

Front 46

According to Rambachan’s chapter on Hinduism, how do Hindus overcome the fear of death, and why is one’s mental state at the time of death so important?

Back 46

Death is a natural form of life and it inescapable. They believe that lives are interconnected and after death, birth comes once again.
Family members make special efforts to ensure the dying are exposed to core teachings of emphasize the immortality of the atman

Front 47

Why do Hindus want to die with their minds and hearts centred on God? How is this exemplified in the prayer for a Good Death that Rambachan talks about on pages 40–43?

Back 47

They believe whatever your mind is centered on when you die is where you end up after death. Hearing sacred sounds help remind them of their god

Front 48

What are some of the suggestions made by Rambachan to help caregivers become more sensitive to the needs of Hindus in palliative care?

Back 48

Respect the needs for religeous sacred sounds such as chanting God's name and wanting to travel to sacred places. They may set up a Murti (place of worship of icon)
Desire for Tulasi leaf (they are offered to god)
They may want ganges water in their mouth or be placed on the ground closer to the earth
They have reverence for the body so may not be compfortable in a hospital gown
Must respect need to wear certain items like a roasie necklace or red string
May want to be vegetraian at time of death, want flowin water showers instead of baths

Front 49

Why is approaching death with a clear, calm, and virtuous mind so important to the Buddhist conception of dying the good death?

Back 49

So they may move through Brado without holding on. Also death is inevitable it is you returning to the universe
Meditating– during dying the process becomes clear to those that can pay attention.If we are attached to ourselves or our identity we will suffer
The persons dying state of mind will determine their next life

Front 50

Using pages 66–70 of the reading by Anne Bruce, describe the Buddhist conception of the dying process. What do Buddhists do to create the conditions for a good death during this process?

Back 50

the dying persons state of mind determines their next life so they need a calm atmosphere
May refuse opiates to stay lucid and focus their thoughts
Reading the book of the dead over and overhaving a templ to buddha
chanting and breathing exercises

Front 51

According to the reading by Waugh, what is the Qu’ranic view of God’s role in both the time and type of death of a Muslim? In what way does Islamic law reinforce the view of the Qu’ran?

Back 51

The Qu'ran states that God controls when you die. The body has to be respected as it belongs to God. This makes organ harvesting and autopsies frowned upon

Front 52

According to Waugh, why is a key element of the good death in Islam the avoidance of anything that causes spiritual pain? Using pages 79–81 of the Waugh reading, outline the steps that Muslims take to ensure that the deceased will die a ‘good death.’

Back 52

Muslims believe in no separation of soul and body, they believe that physical pain is a result of spiritual pain .
To help ease this they must be allowed to pray at specific times, a doctor may need to alter their round times to assist in this. They must also clean hands arms and orifices to prepare to meet God. The sick may attempt tpo fast during Ramadan. More visitors will visit the sick during Ramadan so visiting hours may need to be altered

Front 53

Based on your knowledge of Christian attitudes towards death, as found in the readings by Moreman and Soskice, what do you believe constitutes a good death in Christianity?

Back 53

There are no rituals that have to observed with death, however importance may be places on personal or religeon objects
Death is a part of life and not necessarily the end
A good death does not have to be necessarily painless, but at peace with oneself others and god. It does not only concern the person dying.

Front 54

The New Testament

Back 54

Christians added the new Testament, and referred to the Jewish bible as the old testament. It contains the accounts of Jesus's life, death and resurrection. It was written in the century following Jesus's death and contains the Gospels, the Act of the Apostles, The Epistles, and the book of revelation. Gospels tell about Jesus's life from the view of his four followers, Acts contains the missions of the Apostles (particularly Paul's mission to the gentiles), Epistles are letters Paul wrote, and the Book of Revelation is a prediction or vision of what will happen on Judgement day.

Front 55

Paul

Back 55

St.paul wrote books for the new Testament, he speaks of resurrection and what it means to others. He believed there was both a natural body and a spiritual body and that resurrection removed the physical body, only leaving the spiritual body.
He was first a persecutor of Christians until he believed he had a vision of Jesus, he then converted to Christianity and became a preacher.
There is also an apostle named Paul that is written in the Act and his mission to the gentiles, and the Epistles contain letters he wrote to the Christian Church. these readings are found in the New Testament.

Front 56

Martin Luther

Back 56

Was a Reformer that sought to break away from the Roman church. He wanted to return to an older and truer belief as he felt that the church was manipulating people's fears of purgatory and hell for financial gain. He rejected the concept of purgatory and believed they would be suspended or sleeping after death until resurrection. He believed salvation happened by accepting the Lord. His group of Reformers broke away and became known as Protestants.

Front 57

Protestant Reformation

Back 57

A group that sought to break away from the Roman Catholic Roman Church. Martin Luther was a member of this group. They believed the church was no longer staying true to the bible and wished to return to an older and truer belief. They rejected the idea of purgatory.They became known as Protestants. Protestants rejected the higher position the clergy held between the individual and God, and instead focused on a personal relationship with God.

Front 58

Indulgence

Back 58

A paper issued by the Church that absolved people of all of some of their sins. It was originally meant to acknowledge acts and deeds of kindness but were later sold as a profit making business.

Front 59

Augustine

Back 59

St.Augustine was an highly esteemed church father that set down a framework of belief. He stated resurection will occur in the lived body rather than the spirit. He taught about pergatory, a place the soul goes between death and resurection. Souls were purged of sins then sent to heaven or hell.

Front 60

Origen

Back 60

Origen was an early church father who wrote thousands of treatises. He was critizised for letting too much paganism into Christianity. He did not believe that the resurrected body was the same as the body lived in life. He also believed that sinners may be tormented, but it was temporary until eventual resurection. He believed in the preexistence of souls and universal salvation

Front 61

The Dance of Death

Back 61

The personified version of Death as the Grim Reaper that would take people to dance with them into the beyond.

Front 62

Purgatory

Back 62

St.Augustine taught the idea of purgatory, a Sheol like place where the souks of the dead went in between death and resurection. Here souls were judged and purged of their sins before being sent to heaven or hell.

Front 63

Based on the Gospel accounts of Jesus’s death, was Jesus’s resurrection physical or spiritual?

Back 63

There are differing views on this. There are references to a physical resurrection in Mathew, Mark, Luke and John. However he also appears out of thin air in all 4 gospels which could lend to a spiritual resurrection instead

Front 64

What are Paul’s views of the resurrection?

Back 64

He believed there was both a natural body and a spiritual body and that resurrection removed the physical body, only leaving the spiritual body. He believed Jesus would resurrect in his life time and there would be a day of judgement.

Front 65

What were Augustine’s views of the afterlife, and how did his ideas impact Christian thought? How did they differ from the views of Origen?

Back 65

Augustine and Origen differed in that Origen believed resurection would occur in a soul body and discard of the physical body. Augustine believed that the physical body would be restored even if decomposed. Augustine also believed in purgatory to cleanse the soul and judgement before being sent to heaven or hell for eternity. Origen did not believe in eternity; he believed souls in hell were only their temporarily before returning to God.

Front 66

Explain the reason for the shift from a focus on the resurrection to one’s immediate death. What concept was the direct result of this shift?

Back 66

It was believed that Christ's resurection marked the beginning of the "end times" and that judgement day was coming. Time went on after his resurrection and there was no end of days. The belief was then that each individual would be judged at death and Final judgement would decide if the individual went to heaven, hell or purgatory

Front 67

Outline the Protestant response to the idea of Purgatory

Back 67

They were terrified of purgatory and hell. They were so scared of this that it lead to people worrying only for self preservation rather than a brotherhood. The church then took money in exchange for endurance that loved ones souls would gain safe passage to heaven.

Front 68

When was Jesus executed

Back 68

30 CE by the Romans during Passover for claiming to be King of the Jews

Front 69

When was Christianity made the official religion of the Romans?

Back 69

380 CE

Front 70

What were the Crusades?

Back 70

Aimed to free Jerusalem and other Christian Holy sites in the Middle East from the Muslims. Expanded the influence of Western Christianity.

Front 71

Calvin

Back 71

A protestant reformer notable for posting the notion of predestination. Calvin believed some were predestined for salvation and some were not.

Front 72

Anglican Church

Back 72

Kept Catholic liturgy but made the King of England the head of the church

Front 73

Counter–Reformation

Back 73

Affirmed the authority of the Pope and Catholic doctrine where Church held influence.

Front 74

Christian Bible

Back 74

66 books and 2 parts.
The first part is the Hebrew Bible (contains the Torah, prophetic books and predictions of the messiah)
The second part is a covenant with Jesus (The New Testament)

Front 75

The Sermon on the Mount of Sinai

Back 75

Expand the commandments given from God to Moses. The sermon contains the basis for Christian ethics and the rules needed to get into Heaven.

Front 76

Original Sin

Back 76

Corruption of human desire by Adam and Eve which brought death and sin to the world by disobeying God.
Original Sin is now understood as the human tendency to place their own self interest above God's will.

Front 77

Two meanings of the death and resurrection of Jesus.

Back 77

–underlines how God's plan for redemption is carried out through life, suffering and death of Christ
–Gives Christians a glimpse of what they may enjoy in the life beyond

Front 78

Muhammad

Back 78

A prophet. He was an orphan, and a regular person until his forties, when he began to receive divine revelations. He was thought to be the last prophet in a line of prophets including Abraham, Moses, Noah and Jesus. Muhammad was said to speak to Allah directly through the Archangel Gabriel in comparison to soothsayers who were spoken to by jinn. The messages were recorded into the Islam doctrine called the Qur'an. Muhammad preached except in the case of self defense.

Front 79

Qur’an

Back 79

The scriptures of the Islamic religion, the recorded messages received by the prophet Mohammad from Allah. It also speaks of the afterlife and he end of days. When judgement comes, those who followed the rules and were close to Allah will be taken to paradise and given virgins. Those who sin will be sent to Hell and be tortured with boiling water and flames. It contains 114 chapters organized from longest to shortest.

Front 80

Sunni

Back 80

A branch of the Islam faith that 80% of Muslims belong to. Sunni's elected leaders then followed their heredity lines, these leaders are called Caliphs.

Front 81

Shi’a

Back 81

A branch of the Islam faith that 20% of Muslims belong to. They believed in leaders called Imamate, where the preceding leader appointed the next leader, as Muhammed had also apparently done. These leaders were able to trace their heritage back to the Prophet. They were suppressed by the Sunni and believe that the 12th Imam will lead an apocalyptic battle with evil when the Last Day comes. hey put more importance on the death of martyrs.

Front 82

Sufism

Back 82

Schools of thought relating to the mysticism of Islam. A group of Muslims who did not accept Caliphs as the leaders, thinking that wealth made them stray from the word of the Prophet. Sufi's may have special powers such as communicating with animals or exercising jinn. The Sufi's believe that the goal of life is to die and reunite with God, and do not put value on earthly possessions. They also do not believe in Paradise in the sense that pleasure can be derived from worldly desires. They believe that instead of Paradise, one will have a reunion with God. Sufism is considered heresy by some Muslims.

Front 83

Hadith

Back 83

A scriptural source in Islam. It details the deeds and sayings of Muhammad that were not part of the revelation. The Hadith describes the chain of events that occur to ones body and soul after death.

Front 84

Tawhid

Back 84

Islamic term meaning the belief in only one God that has no equal.

Front 85

Shirk

Back 85

Islamic term meaning the act of assigning God an equal as it devalues his power as the one true God. This is considered a great sin in the Qu'ran.

Front 86

Shar’iah

Back 86

The "right path" Muslims follow to lead a proper life. The two categories of Shar'iah make up Islamic law: rules that govern acts of worship (‘ibādat), and rules that govern human transactions (mu‘amalat). The laws are either expressed negatively like through commands of positively like holding faith in God.

Front 87

Five Pillars of Islam

Back 87

5 actions of devotion that Muslims are required to practice.

1– To adhere to Muslim faith which states that there is only one God and his messenger is the Prophet.
2–Salat–Prayer performance 5 times a day.
3. Zakat– financially able Muslims must give some of their money to the poor.

4– Sawm– Fast a Ramadan to purify and to remind Muslims that they must take care of the poor.
5. Haj– pilgrimage to Mecca at least once a lifetime.

Front 88

Barzakh

Back 88

An in between state the dead stay in until the Day of Resurrection. It is where the dead stay in between the living world and the land of paradise or Hell. In Barzakh, the Angel of Death may take the soul to be judged, then return it to the grave. The soul stays with the body in the grave and is shown a window to their fate, whether that be paradise or Hell. Martyrs are exempt from Barzakh and are sent directly to paradise.

Front 89

‘Izr’ail

Back 89

The Angel of Death that visits just before death. He is fearsome and symbolizes that no one can escape their fate. He was created by Allah–ta'ala from light, and he has 70000 feet and 4000 wings. He is filled with eyes and tongues, and has a face, ear, eye and hand on his body for every being with a soul.

Front 90

What is the Quranic view of the afterlife, and what are the controversies surrounding its interpretation?

Back 90

The afterlife for those who have lived their lives according to Allah will go to a paradise. The paradise is a place they can indulge in feasting and sex with young women virgins. Paradise is also lush and full of delicious fruit. Sinners are sent to Hell, a place with fire and boiling water, a place with no joy. The controversies surrounding this thought is that in the portrayal of Paradise men are the sole benefactors and is focused on heir enjoyment. What do women believers receive in paradise?

Front 91

What does Islam say about the state of the body after burial?

Back 91

The body lays dead but is still aware of the living world above. When a person dies they are in barzakh, a intermediate world in between living and paradise or Hell. According to the Hadith, the soul remains with the body until the Last Judgement, and the bodies of sinners can feel the worms eating their flesh.

Front 92

Explain why Islam is criticized for having a very patriarchal view of Heaven. How do Muslims explain this vision of Heaven?

Back 92

The Qur'an states that those who are good enough to be accepted to paradise are rewarded with Virgin women to wed. This makes no mention of what women will receive in the afterlife. Philosophers have tried to explain this by stating that the description of paradise is to be thought of as poetry and not to be taken as a literal example.

Front 93

What is Sufism, and in what way does its conception of the afterlife differ from the rest of Islam?

Back 93

Schools of thought that relate to the mysticism of Islam. Sufi's may have special powers such as controlling animals or exercising jinn. They believe that the point of life is to die and to reunite with God. They don't believe that Paradise awaits after death with worldly pleasures but instead that reuniting with God is the reward after death.

Front 94

Hanifs

Back 94

Purely Arabian monotheists

Front 95

Jahiliyyah

Back 95

Known as the time of ignorance by Muslims.

Front 96

Soothsayers

Back 96

Connected to the spiritual world like a shaman. They spoke to the jinn

Front 97

Jinn

Back 97

demons composed of fire that are invisible in the material world. They were the spirits of the dead. Blamed for sickness accidents and natural disasters

Front 98

Barzakh

Back 98

Intermediary state between the living world and paradise or Hell.

Front 99

Kaaba

Back 99

A black cube like structure built in Mecca by Abraham and his son Ishmael. It s a religeous site to Musilms

Front 100

Caliph

Back 100

In charge since Muhammed's death. They were the military and political leaders of Islam

Front 101

Sunnah

Back 101

To follow or emulate the Prophet’s moral example is to follow his sunnah.

Front 102

Vedas

Back 102

Sacred texts of Hindu, written down long ago in the second millennium BCE, provides the first written record from the Indus valley. They are written in Sanskrit. There are 4 Vedas; The Rig Veda ( the oldest and most important), Sama Veda, Yaju Veda and Atharva Veda. They are a collection of hymns, tales and rituals passed on orally until written down, thought to be sourced by the Gods. This was the doctrine of the common people, traditional beliefs in comparison with the Upanishads

Front 103

Upanishads

Back 103

Set of sacred texts that outline the jnana marga, a path to salvation. The Upanishads have 3 major concepts
–the soul is the innermost essence of human being,
–repeated rebirth
–possibility of spiritual release
Upanishads differ from the Vedas as they put emphasis on the inner soul instead of actions. They are also different in that they believe in one being that created everything, including the Gods that they worshiped. This being is called Brahman, and is less of a being than an abstract made of everything in the universe.The soul moves from life to another after death until achieving spiritual perfection (moshka) when the soul will merge with the underlying reality of all things (Brahman)
The Upanishads were the official doctrine of the educated class.

Front 104

Karma

Back 104

Ritual actions outlined in the Vedas that one was to live their life by. It is one's actions from this life and the next, and it defines ones incarnations in each rebirth. If one has good actions and deeds in one life, they acrew karma and are born into a better situation and class in their new life.

Front 105

Samsara

Back 105

The cycle of birth, death and rebirth. Samsara is the process of the soul or atman moving from body to body in cycles which will continue infinitely or end with the soul merging in Brahman.

Front 106

Atman

Back 106

The term for the inner soul. Each individual has a peice of Brahman inside them, the Atman, and it cycles between bodies in a cycle of birth, death and rebirth. It is eternal and can be reborn countless times. Atman will move from physical body to physical body throughout these cycles. The end goal is to merge the atman with Brahman.

Front 107

Brahman

Back 107

The underlying reality of all things. It is seen as the only reality, in and out of which all things must go. It is the absolute of the universe. It is a universal mind in which all souls merge.

Front 108

Nirguna Brahman

Back 108

Gods without attributes. Refers to the abstract being of Brahman out lined in the Upanishads. May be followed by the philosophically minded.

Front 109

Saguna Brahman

Back 109

Gods with attributes. Refers to the Gods and Goddesses that Brahman is made accessible to humans. Those who need a personal relationship with their God may follow this path.

Front 110

Puranas

Back 110

Series of tales that date back as far as the Vedas, Puranas describes all demons and spirits and where they live. It describes the layers of hell where demons live and any soul may be born into at any time.
The Puranas also introduces the possibility of a third path to salvation, by devoting ones life to a particular god and ask that they watch over them in death, Shiva and Vishnu are most commonly the gods devoted to. This path is followed as the concept of Brahman is too abstract for humans to grasp, so Brahman is made more accessible in god and goddess forms.

Front 111

Dharma

Back 111

Following the stations of ones life, the ethical and performance of ones duties and responsibilities. The avoidance of selfish desires (not including the pursuit of wealth or sexual pleasure). One is not to focus more on the material wealth as this is temporary and only gained in life, one is the focus on the eternal, the atman.

Front 112

Jnana marga

Back 112

One of the outlined paths of moshka, outlined in the Upanishads. This path includes achieving union with Brahman, which makes up the entire universe. This is a path of knowledge and renounces all worldly ties. Yoga and meditation are important to this practice. Meditation and yoga help one turn their focus inward, to experience Brahman.

Front 113

Karma marga

Back 113

One of the possible paths to salvation. Outlined in the Vedas as the dutiful path of action to the afterlife. Karma margas is practiced by those who practice the traditional faith. It may be followed by those unready to pick on of the other paths because of their worldly duties. It asks that one should complete their responsibilities to society to the best of their abilities without being concerned with personal profit. They are expected to work selflessly for the greater good of society and God.

Front 114

Bhakti marga

Back 114

Possible path to salvation that provides the individual to an afterlife. This afterlife is achieved by the individual by devoting themselves to one god, usually Shiva or Vishnu, in turn asking that God to watch over them in the afterlife. Requires that ones life passions are focused on the god they are asking for unification with.

Front 115

Moksha

Back 115

The final liberation from the cycle of life death and rebirth. In the case of Jnana marga ;The goal or spiritual perfection ends with Moksha, the release and the soul will merge with Brahman. After achieving Moksha the soul will stop the cycle of birth death and rebirth and join the collective of the universe.

Moshka in the case of Bhakti marga is different, when achieving moshka the soul desires to be close to the god they devoted their life to. Moshka is acheived when the atman resides in the particular realm that god resides in. There is no merging, only the experience of being close to ones god.

Karma Margma's form of moshka is unclear. It shares the belief that death is breif and rebirth will occur.

Front 116

Yama

Back 116

One of the three main gods associated with death. He was thought to be the first mortal, but achieved immortality by overcoming selfishness and fear of death through his loyalty to the gods. He became the god of death.

Front 117

Using the Study Guide, outline the contents of the Vedas, and describe the basic nature of religious practice in Vedic Hinduism

Back 117

There are four Vedas that make up Vedic Hinduism. Rig Veda is the oldest and most important book. It contains hymns of praise for the various Gods. YajurVeda, Sama Veda, and Atharva Vedaare the other three that are made up of religious chants, spells and incantations. Vedic Hinduism is based around rituals and responsibilities. It asks that one should complete their responsibilities to society to the best of their abilities without being concerned with personal profit. They are expected to work selflessly for the greater good of society and God.

Front 118

Using the Study Guide, explain the difference in the conceptions of God in the Upanishads and the Puranas.

Back 118

In the Upanishads, to achieve moshka one must accept that there is one being that makes up the whole universe, and their path to salvation requires becoming one with that universe and losing oneself. This universe being is called Brahman.
The Puranas however outlines different gods and goddesses that one may pray to and worship. These deities are Brahman in a form that can be devoted to. Believers of the Puranas devote their lives to their deity in hopes that their Atman may reside in the same realm as their deity so they can serve and enjoy their company.

Front 119

Outline the concepts of Brahman, atman, karma, samsara, and moksha, and describe how these elements work together to form the general worldview of Hindus.

Back 119

Brahman is absolute, it is abstract and it contains all the universe.

Atman is thought to be ones soul, it has the essence of Brahman in it.
Samsara is the cycle that an atman goes through in birth, death and rebirth.
Moshka is the end of the cycle of samsara, when the atman reaches salvation and becomes one with Brahman.

Karma is ones position in life, if one has good karma by doing good and selfless things, when they are reincarnated in samsara they are reincarnated as closer to achieving moshka.

Front 120

Using the course readings, outline the three religious paths of Hinduism, and explain how they shape Hindu understandings of moksha or liberation.

Back 120

There are three paths to salvation in Hinduism.
Jnana marga– outlined in the Upanishads
Karma marga– outlined in the Upanishads
Bhakti marga– outlined in the Puranas.


All three are paths to moshka but they all describe different spiritual paths.
Karma marga is the oldest, it is based on rituals and responsibilities to society that one must fulfill selflessly, to be reincarnated closer to moshka.
Jnana marga teaches that moshka is acheived when one reaches a spiritual level and is able to become one with Brahman and cease to be an individual. Yoga and meditation are spiritual tools on this path.
Bhakti marga teaches that one may reach moshka by devoting their life to a deity in the culture, in death their atman may be placed in close proximity to that deity and can serve and enjoy its presence.

Front 121

Using the textbook, outline the Vedic understanding and the Puranic understanding of the afterlife. How are these views of the afterlife incorporated into the Hindu understanding of the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara)?

Back 121

Hinduism sees death as temporary, the atman is either reincarnated or reaches the end of its spiritual journey by achieving moshka. In the Vedic understanding one has many ritiuals and responsibilities in their life (Dharma). In being in good standing with their dharma, and being selfless, they are reincarnated as a being closer to moshka (This cycle is called samsara). They may enter the realm of the World of Fathers, a heaven of some sort.

In the Puranas, one achieves moshka by devoting their life to one god or goddess, and pray that their god or goddess will watch over them. In death, if they have achieved moshka and ceased the cycle of samsara, they may be born on a realm in close proximity to their deity.

Front 122

Using the textbook, outline Hindu views of ghosts and other disembodied malevolent spirits.

Back 122

Possessions and ghosts are not uncommon in Hindu religion. Both ghosts and gods may possess a living body, in which case a priest is called upon to perform an exorcism. These possessions are less demonized than in western religion.
There are three reasons why the dead may become a ghost or want to possess the living
–dying before their time
–dying a traumatic death
–behaviour contrary to religeon practice, including failure of rituals by the living
Ghosts wander the world in anger as they have not transitioned to the land of the dead.
Natural disasters may result in many ghosts in an area.
Ghosts may also visit in dreams to ask for a proper burial or to right wrongs they committed

Front 123

Soma

Back 123

A god associated with death. He is related to a drink of the same name also called nondeath, thought to actually be a psychoactive drug. There are no remaining recipes for Soma

Front 124

Agni

Back 124

Associated with cremation rituals. Through cremation Agni carries the soul from the world of the living to the world of the dead.

Front 125

Lakshmi

Back 125

Goddess of wealth

Front 126

Durga

Back 126

Warrior goddess who rids the world of evil forces

Front 127

Buddha

Back 127

Founder of Buddhism. His birth name was Siddhartha Gautma, he was a prince who left his wealth after seeing that sickness and death were the natural process of every person. He founded Buddhism and taught it to all that would listen, using Hindu as his foundation.

Front 128

Four Noble Truths

Back 128

How Buddha perceived life.

The 4 noble truths include:
–The noble truth of Dukkha (suffering or the impermanence of all things in this world.

–origins of dukkha
–cessation of dukkha
–the way to the cessation of dukkha
All Buddhists believe in this life despite the diversities.

Front 129

Mahayana Buddhism

Back 129

Mahayana Buddhism spread into Tibet between the seventh and ninth centuries of the Common Era, and spawned a large number of smaller Mahayana Buddhist sects. The most important of these was the Kadampa sect, out of which would emerge the Dalai Lamas. Moved into China and Korea. The Pali Canon or Tipitaka is central to their beliefs, but they have their own scriptures to follow.

Front 130

Theravada Buddhism

Back 130

The only school of thought of Buddhism that remains to this day, the "Doctrine of Elders".

Predominant, in what are known today as Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Thailand. The central basis of teahings are focused around the Pali Canon or Tipitaka

Front 131

Arhat

Back 131

The noble ones in Theravada Buddhism, monks who seem to have reached nirvana. They are never seen again.

Front 132

Amitabha

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The name of a celestial bodhisattva thought that if chanted upon death will take the individual to Heaven (Japan) Amitabha will guide them on the path of nirvana.

Front 133

Avalokitesvara

Back 133

Bodhisattva in Tibet thought to have manifested himself into the Dalai Llama to protect the Tibetan people.

Front 134

Tipitaka

Back 134

Oldest body of Buddhist scripture. It is divided into 3 sections,
–Sutta Pitaka is stories of Buddhas discourses and stories about himself.
–Vinaya Pitaka deals with morality and ethics (stories to teach others about ethical conduct)
–Abhidhamma Pitaka– philosophical analyses of Buddhists teachings.
Also called the Pali Canon because it is written in Pali.

Front 135

Sutra

Back 135

Body of literature that Mahayna Buddhism is based on. The most important texts are
Lotus Sutra (Saddharma Pundarika Sutra), Perfection of Wisdom Sutra (Prajnaparamita Sutra),
the heart Sutra (Prajnaparamita Hrdaya Sutra)
and Vimalakirti Sutra

Front 136

Anatman

Back 136

The concept of having "no self" because there is no such reality as the self or soul, nothing is permanent

Front 137

Bodhisattva

Back 137

Someone who has achieved nirvana but voluntarily stays for repeated rebirths and deaths to teach others
bodhisattvas become powerful divinities who reside in various heavenly realms into which individuals can be reborn, either because of their own good karma or because it has been willed by the bodhisattva himself.

Front 138

Dalai Lama

Back 138

Means Ocean of Wisdom Teacher

Front 139

Outline the story of the Buddha’s life, and describe what specifically triggered his quest to end human suffering.

Back 139

Buddha was born as Siddhartha Gautama and he was a prince born into wealth. Astrologers told his father that he would forsake his heritage after encountering 4 men. When Gautama explored outside he met 4 men, a crippled man, a sick man, and the rotting body of a dead man. When he met a medicant who encouraged him to follow methods of Indian tradition to find escape. He left his family and explored to find peace. As he explored he was struck with 3 visions, –memories of his incarnations, awareness of the procession of human kind through suffering of birth death, knowledge of the universe and understanding that everything except nirvana arise and pass away.

Front 140

What are the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path?

Back 140

The four noble truths are how Buddha perceived life
1. the noble truth of Dukkha (suffering or impermanence of all things in this world)
2. the origin of dukkha
3. noble truth of cessation of dukkha
4. the noble truth of the way to cessation of dukkha


The 8fold Path describes how to live so that eventual enlightenment will take place.

Front 141

Explain the concept of anatman, and explain how it differs from the concept of the atman in Hinduism.

Back 141

The anatman means no soul, because the permanence of the self or the soul don't exist. However reincarnation is possible, though spontaneously forms into another.
Atman in Hindu refers to ones souls, which reincarnates into different bodies and journeys to reach moshka.

Front 142

Explain the Buddhist logic behind reincarnation.

Back 142

One acrews good or bad karma based upon their actions in life. The acrewment of good karma will lead you to enlightenment.Each reincarnation is a step toward enlightenment if you live your life well.

Front 143

What is nirvana, and how does it differ from moksha in Hinduism?

Back 143

Nirvana i the extinguishing of desire anger or ignorance. Nirvana is a state of mind, where moshka is where the individual ceases to be an individual. Nirvana is the natural laws of the universe, not controlled by divine intervention or will like moshka.

Front 144

Outline the main differences between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism.

Back 144

Theravada Buddhism emphasizes that nirvana is only attained by becoming a monk. Laypeople may reach nirvana by taking monastic vows or being reborn into a monastic life. Emphasis for laypeople is to visit monasteries and contribute financially, which following the five principals, refraining from stealing, drugs, wrongs speech, sexual improperties,
Mahayana Buddhists shifts attention to Bodhavisttva. Mahayana is different because it belives nirvana can be achieved universally.
1. Mahayana states that all self and suffering is an illusion
2. Mahayana believes in an underlying unity or connectedness of everything
3. Theravada sees Buddha as a regular man who achieved enlightenment, Mahayana believes him to be a projection of enlightenment.
4. Theravada believes in individual enlightenment, Mahayana teaches that one may reach enlightenment through devotion
5. Mahayana teaches that transference of merit and karma is possible
6. Theravada believes enlightenment is the goal, Mahayana teaches that bodhivista is the goal
7. Theravada believes nirvana is a release of samsara Mahayana states nirvana is the realization of underlying connectedness in the world
8.mayahana aims to transcend illusion to help the world where Theravada aims to escape the world

Front 145

Mara

Back 145

The God of Death

Front 146

Outline the ways in which, according to Cressy, the NDE is akin to the experiences of Christian mystics. What similarities and differences do you tend to see in the NDEs and OBEs that occur across different world religions?

Back 146

Many great mystics start with a NDE, they are near death and return with a message for the world.
They differ in intention, preparation understanding, and communities for reintegration. NDE's return to a community that doesn't have such spirituality, whereas a mystic returns to a monastery


Both are capable of seeing the souls of the dying


Mystics and NDE's no longer care for wealth or materialism. They weep or cry a lot (Gift of tears), they both fear of speaking of their experiences and feel persecuted by non believers
Both believe in their super senses and a higher power

Front 147

Outline and explain the characteristics of NDEs according Raymond Moody.

Back 147

9 traits of NDEs
Out of body experiences, acute visual perception, audible sounds or voices, feelings of peace or painlessness, light phenomena, life review, being in another world, encountering other beings, tunnel experience, precognition

Out of body experiences let soul see their own body

The body is no longer in pain

A tunnel opens and they descend into darkness into come into light.,

They meet beings made of light and love

They meet with a supreme being of light who takes them on a life review before sending them back

the life review shows every deed you have done and you automatically feel how it effected others

They are reluctant to return to life which is short lived

Time and space do't make conventional sense there

Ineffability–inability ti put their experiences into english
Hearing a doctor or nurse say that they have died
Feeling positive or peaceful
Loud noise transitions them to a spirit world
Going down a tunnel or void of light
Out of body experience
Seeing familiar dead relatives
Being of light
Life review
Sent back
No longer afraid of death but want to a crew love

Front 148

What are the transformative effects of NDEs? Are all NDEs necessarily positive ones?

Back 148

Wanting to pursue love and knowledge more than anything else. No longer fearing death but instead wanting to love and live well. Some NDEs can result in psychic powers

Front 149

Outline some of the scientific explanations given for the occurrence of OBEs.

Back 149

Caused by physical or emotional stress or a high level of relaxation may trigger one as well. Ketamine or anaesthetic causing hallucinations. Could be a result of reduced or increased blood flow to the brain. Release of endorphins as well. Disruptions in the brains temporal lobe or visual cortex could cause visions or release memories.

Front 150

Outline and explain the characteristics of deathbed apparitions and OBEs.

Back 150

Deathbed apparitions–They often see a person who has died, in a few cases a few deceased person appears to them that they didn't know was deceased. The apparitions may be visible to others in the room as well
Obes– detachment from bodies in an overly relaxed state, able to see ones body, 360 vision (able to see all around) time may be warped

Front 151

Using pages 218–222 of Moreman, describe the scientific methodology that has been used to test the validity of OBEs. Do you think that the method is valid, does it need to be refined, or is it futile to even try to scientifically validate OBEs?

Back 151

They have had people who had not had OBES describe the procedure that was done on them, usually containing major errors. However OBES were able to describe with much detail and accuracy
Unable to establish if any part of the person leaves a body during OBE

Experiments done on those who claim to have multiple OBES focus on the idea that the person can leave the body and travel to another location. They could sometimes provide information about these locations and mention targets, but there were large margins of error.

Front 152

Do you think that NDEs and OBEs can be proven to occur scientifically, or is it a universal experience that possibly can happen to all individuals regardless of culture, gender, or religion?

Back 152

g

Front 153

Hindu examples of NDE's

Back 153

The Rig Veda states that
–dying people will enter a place of light, therefore NDE's involving light
–Musical flute playing serenly
–sight of forefathers and YAMA
–seeing messengers (yamdoots)
–mistaken identity (someone else was supposed to die but they were sent back) this differs from american NDE who say they were sent back because it wasn't their time.
–life review someone reads a record of their life

Front 154

Hindu character transformations after NDE

Back 154

Respect for life, selfless service, non violence (ahimsa)

Front 155

Buddhism and NDE

Back 155

According to the Tibetan Book of the Dead
There are three states
–soul will have a vision of a landscape
–visions of seven deities that they will recognize. By failing to do so they will see 7 monsters that are projections of their own unconscious
–the soul can move around the world at will


Parallels include
–out of bodies experiences (soul travelling the world at will)
– seeing a blinding light that they identify as themselves or a being of light
–seeing a scenic view where people meditate on lotus flowers

Front 156

Judaism and NDE

Back 156

The Hebrew Bible
–Tunnel experience (presumably to Sheol)
–Seeing a being of light


Talmud
–loud banging or roaring (the sound of the soul separating from the body)
–meeting others
–tunnel experience
–being of light


After–effects
positive character change and renewed spirituality

Front 157

Christianity and NDE

Back 157

New Testament
–Out of body experiences
–felt their soul or spiritual
–being of light that knows all the details about them
–life review going over all deeds done in life
–love
–spiritual transformation


After–effects
Usually don`t believe that NDE support their religion they regard them as demonic tricks, or satan who can become a being of light
Other NBDèr become more selfless like Jesus

Front 158

Islam and NDE

Back 158

Qu`ran /Hadith
– a new spiritual body
–life review by a being of life (judgement of deeds)
–being of life


After–effects
value humility and charity
become more involved in spiritual needs than materialistic\value of faith and knowledge

Front 159

Delok

Back 159

Tibetan for Near death experience who returns to earth

Front 160

Differences in NDE's

Back 160

Buddhism and Tibet focus on psychological states at death
Western religeon focuses on what happens after death
Hindus see Yama who decides their karma instead of being of light and is brought by messengers

Front 161

Extreme Unction

Back 161

A practice reserved for the dying, anointing the ill by a priest with oil. Those who recovered were called Lazaruses and were not allowed to eat meat, have sex or wear shoe.
Became known as the last rites, and included confession.

Front 162

Chevra Kadisha

Back 162

Jewish Burial society, volunteers trained to deal with the dead. they gather, wash the body and say prayers over it, bury them in simple pine boxes

Front 163

Yom Kippur

Back 163

The day of Atonement:
A day of fasting and self reflection in the Jewish faith. The person takes account of their life and makes atonement for the sins of that year. Yom Kippur is practice for death.
The practices of Yom kippur prepare for your death, you wear funeral clothes, abstain from eating sex and jewellery then recite a funeral prayer.
Also you mourn for those who have died and light candles

Front 164

Kaddish

Back 164

Jewish memorial prayer mourners recite during mourning. Said at the funeral and during Shiva. Said at the burial, 3 times a day during Shiva. It means Holy and is a prais of God, it is said in Aramaic.

Front 165

Shiva

Back 165

First phase of mourning. Siva means 7 in Hebrew, and it is 7 days that it lasts. Mourners are expected to stay in the home except on the Sabbath when Shiva is not observed, when they go to the synagogue. Shiva is preferably held in the home of the one who died so they can be reminded of the dead person. They cover mirrors to keep from focusing on themselves, keep the door unlocked for anyone who may want to join and abstain from any pleasurable activities.they perform prayer ceremonies and greet

Front 166

Ars moriendi

Back 166

A manual to a good death (Catholic) detailed temptations and virtues that would afflict the dead. These were produced by the church to bring knowledge to the masses of sins and how to remedy them.

Front 167

Yahrzeit

Back 167

Jewish word meaning anniversary of someone's death according to the Hebrew calendar not the western calendar.

Front 168

Sheloshim

Back 168

Sheloshim is the period of 30 days after the death when the mourners do not attend any celebrations, parties or weddings. Some may not listen to music during this time. After the death of a parent, sheloshim is extended to a year

Front 169

Taharah

Back 169

Preparing the body for burial

Front 170

Keriah

Back 170

Ritual of the mourning tearing their clothing. hey tear their clothes(for a parent, over the heart; and for spouses, siblings, and children, overthe right breast) and recite the blessing, “Blessed are You, Adonai ourGod, Ruler of the Universe, Righteous Judge.” The rending of clothes(more often a small black ribbon that is affixed to the clothing) expressestheir grief; the blessing formula reminds them that even at this moment ofgrief, they still must praise God

Front 171

Aninut

Back 171

The families state of shock at the death of their loved one. This comes before the state of mourning. They are in this state until the time of burial, they are excused from normal duties. they only have one obligation, to prepare the body and funeral.

Front 172

Barzakh

Back 172

The interim between individual death and cosmic death (in Islam). It is understood as the period of time spent inside the grave. The terms dunya and akhira refer to both time and space and to two moral alternatives. The Qur’an describes an intermediary stage between the dunya and akhira: the barzakh, which is understood by Muslims as a period in the grave

Front 173

Antyeshti

Back 173

Last funeral rights in Hindu

Front 174

Shraddha

Back 174

Period of mourning in the Hindu religion. Lasts 13 days. Rituals are done during this time to assist the bereaved. The Ghost is thought to be near the family at this time and can be fed and spoke to.

Front 175

Jodo Shinshu

Back 175

Pure land buddhism, the largest type of Buddhism practised by the japanese

Front 176

Amitabha Buddha

Back 176

A Buddha seen as the universal saviour. He aimed to create a blissful land where many could easily become Buddha and escape suffering.

Front 177

Water Baby Ceremony

Back 177

Popular in many convert Zen centres. In Japan is was a post abortion ceremony, in convert it has been used as a grief ceremony, women who have lost or terminate a baby come to sew red bibs as an offering to Jizo. They speak of their pain to help them heal, the offer the bibs to miniature statues of Jizo. Convert groups starting hospices in which they sit with the dying as they pass away. Funeral practices have been reinvented. Chanting scriptures and memorial prayer, may have a eulogy and may have memorial services, but not yearly.
Converts believe Buddhism to be too ritualistic.

Front 178

Using the essay by Rebecca Alpert, outline the general attitude towards death in Judaism, and explain how Jews prepare for death during their lifetime.

Back 178

Death is seen as a natural part of life
The body belongs to God and should be treated with respect even after death
Human community is to mourn the dead and carry out their memory
Judaism is more about practice than belief.
Jews prepare for their death all their life. they buy cemetery plots to ensure they have a Jewish cemetery, they make wills both for finances and ethics (ethical wills, what values their children will carry on)
They practice for death with Yom Kippur which they look at past sins and atone for them.

Front 179

Explain the symbolism of the Keriah ritual in Judaism.

Back 179

Ritual of the mourning tearing their clothing. hey tear their clothes(for a parent, over the heart; and for spouses, siblings, and children, overthe right breast) and recite the blessing, “Blessed are You, Adonai ourGod, Ruler of the Universe, Righteous Judge.” The rending of clothes(more often a small black ribbon that is affixed to the clothing) expressestheir grief; the blessing formula reminds them that even at this moment ofgrief, they still must praise God

Front 180

Outline the basic structure of a Jewish funeral on the basis of the information provided in the Alpert Essay.

Back 180

Place the body on the floor to symbolize return to earth. Those in attendance to the death tear their clothing and recite a blessing. the body is never left alone until burial. there is a shomer who is a guard. Chevra Kadisha(holy society) prepare the body for burial. They wash the body in segments while the rest of the body is covered, water is purifying. The washing is done in silence out of respect to the dead, then it is dressed in a funeral shroud. The body is buried in a pine box, no metal, to ensure they will return to the earth as fast as possible.
The body is buried in 24 hours, the family remains in mourning by ripping their clothing and wearing a black ribbon. The funeral is to honour the dead not to comfort the mourning. Funeral is simple, only about 20 minutes and has no flowers or music, there is a eulogy. Most importantly the mourners fill the grave with dirt,

Front 181

What is the Kaddish, and why is so significant in Jewish death rites?

Back 181

Jewish memorial prayer that mourners recite. Jewish memorial prayer mourners recite during mourning. Said at the funeral and during Shiva. Said at the burial, 3 times a day during Shiva. It means Holy and is a prais of God, it is said in Aramaic.

Front 182

Why are embalming, organ donation, autopsies, and cremation not generally permitted in Judaism, and why are these prohibitions being changed in modern times?

Back 182

Almost all are not generally permitted because they do not belief in preservation of the body in any way, they want the body to decay and return to the earth as soon as possible. Embalming is accepted if it is needed for the family to travel to the funeral or the body needs to be transported, also if the law requires it, though refrigeration is preferred. The body is not to be cosmetically fixed as it allows people to avoid the realities of death and decay. Cremation is not viewed as a natural decaying process. Jews also see cremation as too similar to the Jewish Nazi camps. Younger generations of Jews are more removed from this experience and prefer cremation for ecological reasons, some religious leaders have accepted cremation.
Organ donation, autopsies and euthanasia are also frowned upon as they do not honour the body and it is God`s gift not to be tampered with. Jewish law does not agree with euthanasia as it hastens death and life is a gift from God, though some have rethought this as life expectancy and medicine has lengthened life much longer. Organ can be accepted even though it is not honouring the dead because honouring life is more important. Some autopsies are legally required and therefore permissible.

Front 183

What is shiva, and what does it generally entail? What practices are generally observed during shiva? In what ways does the larger community support mourners during shiva?

Back 183

First phase of mourning. Siva means 7 in Hebrew, and it is 7 days that it lasts. Mourners are expected to stay in the home except on the Sabbath when Shiva is not observed, when they go to the synagogue. Shiva is preferably held in the home of the one who died so they can be reminded of the dead person. They cover mirrors to keep from focusing on themselves, keep the door unlocked for anyone who may want to join and abstain from any pleasurable activities.
they perform prayer ceremonies and greet those who come to comfort them. The prayer times (2 or 3 times a day) require 10 Jews. they recite the Kaddish. They then walk around the block to symbolize returning to everyday life.

Front 184

What is the sheloshim, and what are the practices associated with it?

Back 184

Sheloshim is the period of 30 days after the death when the mourners do not attend any celebrations, parties or weddings. Some may not listen to music during this time. After the death of a parent, sheloshim is extended to a year

Front 185

Using the essay by Boisclair, outline the death rituals practiced in contemporary Catholicism and Orthodox Christianity.

Back 185

The body is prepared by an undertaker, while the family decides what rituals to include. “Christians celebrate the funeralrites to offer worship, praise, and thanksgiving to God for the gift of lifewhich has now been returned to God, the author of life and hope for the just. The Mass, the memorial of Christ’s death and resurrection, is the principal celebration of the Christian funeral.”A minister, deacon or layperson may read passages at the funeral. A vigil is held before the funeral. The coffin is sprayed with Holy water. A symbol of the christian faith is put on the casket (bible, cross etc)


Orthodox– after death the body is washed and placed in new clothes and returned home in a coffin. The body is sent to the funeral home 7 days before the funeral and has a cross placed on it and put at an altar. The night before the funeral there is an all night vigil.
The Catholic funeral should always include a Mass. There are songs, pslams and prayers and communion. Then there is a sprinkle of oly water and a song of farewell. The funeral procession then takes them to the cemetery where the ground is blessed

Front 186

According to Boisclair, in what way do current Catholic and Orthodox Christian funerary and mourning rituals are grounded in the New Testament’s view of death?

Back 186

Catholic and Christians continue to wash and clothe bodies of those who have died, procession candles incense and prayers, and have a meal after the service. These all trace back to the earliest church. Relics remain semi important

Front 187

According to Asquith, in what way did Protestant Funeral Manuals serve as the substitute for formal death rituals in Protestant Christianity? In what ways did these manuals fail to serve the needs of mourners?

Back 187

The Star Book for Ministers is one. The change of the funeral from the home to a funeral home made the need to change to a formal way of worship. The book told mourners to accept death as God`s will and restrain unreasonable grief. in good Baptist tradition, theStar Book makes use of occa–sions of death and bereavement as opportunities for evangelism for unbe–lievers and the unsaved.It negates and discourages feelings of sadness and loss and instead tells those present to accept the ways of God and get saved before it is too late.
True to its purpose, the Cokesbury Funeral Manual provided the Protes–tant pastor with suitable choices for a dignified, orderly funeral service that articulated basic Christian faith in the Resurrection. Although it paidattention to a variety of circumstances of loss, such as the death of a child,cremation, or burial at sea, it did not allow room for individual expressions of mourning

Front 188

In what way was the definition of ‘loss’ refined in Protestantism with the advent of the death awareness movement in the sixties?

Back 188

In regards to the assassination of John F Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr and in reply to all civil unrest and violence. Possibly in part due to the Vietnam war

Front 189

Explain the importance of the “life story” in Protestant Christian funerals.

Back 189

Telling the story can be healing to the mourners. IT also leads to an interpretation of the life story, which can bring meaning to that life. It also adds to an understanding that god worked in that persons life, leading to an understanding of God.
interpret–ing the word of God in an empathic and understanding way can sound atrumpet of hope to those in the midst of the deep darkness of death

It reminds the mourners of their life with the deceased. It is a celebration of life.

Front 190

In what ways do the Qur’an’s views on the afterlife and the story of Muhammad’s ‘Night Journey’ inform the manner in which death rituals are performed in Islam?

Back 190

Represents a spiritual way of returning to God. The stations of his journey are similar to that of what a spirit goes through between death and heaven or hell. Mohammed's journey is from Mecca to Jerusalem, through the heavens and paradise, to God's throne.

Front 191

How is a body prepared for burial in Islam, and what is the mental state with which Muslims perform this task?

Back 191

Tenderly and lovingly. The living should show them great respect, ten times that you would pay to a living body. Every part of the body must be wash carefully like a delicate flower. the body is washed an odd number of times 3, 5, 7. Same sexes prepare bodies

Front 192

Outline the typical features of the Muslim burial process using pages 121–122 of the essay by Gisela Webb.

Back 192

Based on the teachings of the Qur'an and the sunna. Some families may have post funeral meals at certain points after the death to honour the dead. All mosque activities must conform to traditional islamic and legal laws. The body is washed delicately. Must be coordinated and supervised Muslims are to be buried within 24 hours of death. Legal requirements include getting information from the family, acquiring a death certificate, registering the death and obtaining a burial permit. Muslims do not have separate cemeteries though the grave must face mecca. there is generally a burring or funeral committee. The body is not put in a casket through wooden slates are placed over the body so earth does not press on it and it will last. Then the dead will be asked questions by the angels. The Ya sin prayer is said 40 days and a year later.

Front 193

Using pages 130–31 of the reading by Murata, outline the paradigmatic structure of a traditional Hindu funeral.

Back 193

They cremate the body rather than bury it. Traditionally they die at home surrounded by loved ones, even children. Women take care of domestic arrangements and take a cleansing bath, then cloth themselves in white Saris. All fires are extinguished and no cooking is allowed for 13 days. The deceased is washed then carried out on bamboo to the cremation grounds. Women are not allowed to follow. Funeral attendant prepares a funeral pyre. Water from the ganges is sprinkled and ghee, then the body is lit. They collect the ashes in a jar and have an ash spreading ceremony. Afterward they take a ritual bath and change into clean funeral clothing. On the 13th day priests say their last prayer and the mourning period is over.

Front 194

Using pages 134–142 of the reading by Murata, outline some of the differences between the way death rites are carried out in India and North America. What types of challenges and adjustments do Hindus have to face as a result of living in North America?

Back 194

It is acceptable to die in a hospital, it was not his individual choice to die. they took the body straight to a funeral home rather than at home for the puja. The children were not to see the dead body. The body was placed in a coffin and a funeral was done, women were allowed to attend the funeral. All the women went outside as the men carried the body to the crematorium. A webcam was set up so the eldest son could attend. they did not wait the traditional 13 days of mourning.
In another example a man passed away and his body was kept for a week at the funeral home. During the funeral, women were not permitted until the swamis left. there was a master of ceremonies, which is not common in Hindu culture. Not everyone wore white, some wore black. Ashes were spread in Atlanta instead of India.
Differences: Deaths in India are home based, they shift to hospitals in the states, this is because most American Hindu families do not have someone who can sit at home all day and take care if the dying. American culture encourages medical care instead of family. In America a professional has to issue the death certificate, in India a family members word is enough. There is a limit to hoe many people can fit inside hospital rooms. Hindu;s are more likely to sign a DNR rather than keep them alive as long as possible. Hindu like to place the bodies on the floor, closer to the earth, which i s closer to the earth, but that is not allowed in hospitals. they are also not allowed to transport the body on their own. In the states they use coffins instead of bamboo boards,. Dressing the body for viewing is not Hindu tradition, they usually just wrap the body in cloth.Traditional Hindu's do not practice eulogies or memoralization.

Front 195

What is the significance of the transfer of merit in Buddhist ritual? How does it underline the symbiotic nature of the lay–monastic relationship in Buddhism?

Back 195

Buddhist monks take part in rituals on behalf of the community. These monks are reliant on the laity. The monks are not allowed to do chore as they need to focus on religious enlightenment, therefore the laity does it for them. The laity rely on the monks to teach them about Buddhism and maintain their purity. By giving food and clothing to holy people, the lay people generate merit for themselves. Monks express their gratitude by chanting prayers, which helps the dead move on or become gods.

Front 196

Outline the different ways in which the transfer of merit is performed across Buddhist traditions

Back 196

Merit dedication is giving merit to the dead from the living, usually when a lay person does something for a Buddhist monk. A monk may generate merit by praying and release it to someone who has died ( a fireside monk)

Front 197

Using pages 156–160 of the reading by Wilson, outline some of the practices associated with Buddhist memorial services, and describe the important social functions these services perform for Buddhists. What adjustments have to be made in a North American context?

Back 197

For many immigrant Buddhists it is hard to be away from their burial sites or their ancestors. They ask the monks to dedicate merit, which eliminates the space between ancestors and living. This helps them assert that they have not forgotten their roots.
Ties to the old world are also maintained through celebration of the liturgical calendar (celebrations of the death, life and enlightenment of the buddha)
Services are held dedicated to feeding the hungry ghosts.
Vietnamese temples have monthly dedication services Laypeople make donations, monks chant holy scriptures and ancestors and welcomed.
Ceremonies have been shortened in some cases as refugee buddhists often work long hours.
In Asia is is customary to sit up all night praying with the corpse, however that is not allowed in America.
Cambodian monks rinse out the corpses mouth with Holy water, which is frowned upon here.
In Tibet, a monk may spend 49 days preparing a fineral, however they may spend only a few hours here.
Sky Burial is not possible, cutting up the body and feeding it to vultures showing detachment,

Front 198

What is Jodo Shinshu Buddhism? Outline the distinct nature of Jodo Shinshu Buddhist funeral practices.

Back 198

Also called Shin Buddhism. Largest form of Buddhism in Japan. Founded by non celibate priests and kept family based clergy. Believed to enter Amitabha's pure land after death. the first death rite comes shortly after someone has passed away. A priest is called and he chants and burns incense. Afterwards the funeral is planned. Traditionally they would stay up all night with the body, though this is an abandoned practice. Funeral takes place in the temple not the home. The family washes the body and dresses it in white clothes. The funeral is started with the ringing of the temple bell, the priests offer incense. If no dharma name has already been given it is given now. Incense is brought up as an offering. Chanting is done and the merit generated is offered. A short biography is read. The day after the funeral is the burial or cremation, on the 49th day the gravestone is erected. The family will hold private memorial services (hoji) on the hundred–day dayanniversary of the death, again on the one–year anniversary, on the two–year anniversary, and, if they are able to maintain the traditions of thesect, will hold yet more services on the sixth, twelfth, sixteenth, twenty–fourth, thirty–second, forty–ninth, and ninety–ninth anniversaries.

Front 199

Outline some of the death rituals associated with Convert Buddhism in North America.

Back 199

Some buddhist funerals erect an ihai for the spirit to live in. This is from a hybrid of Confucianism and Buddhism and Confucianism doesn't have reincarnation. People are less likely to get a Buddhist name until death kaimyo(ordination names), instead of dharma names

Front 200

According to Garces–Foley, what is the reason for the transition in nineteenth century America from a preoccupation with damnation to hope and salvation after death? How did this affect funeral practices during this time period, and to what extent did funeral practices represent social and class divisions in American society?

Back 200

Therevivals combined with the successful revolution and birth of democracycreated a sense of optimism in human abilities and the future fundamen–tally incompatible with the Calvinist worldview. Naturally, such profound theological changes found expression in American funeral practices .The mortality rate was rather high, reminding the people of the precariousness of life. Salvation was open to any repentant sinner. God was seen as merciful, and heaven was described as home. Romanticism naturalized and demystified death, making it less something to fear. For upper classes the ceremonies became more elaborate and expensive. They would buy a coffin instead of make their own, and hire funeral directors to plan everything and replace ice. Momento Morri were pushed by funeral directors such as locks of hair or pictures with the dead.

Front 201

What gave rise to cemetery reform in nineteenth century America? Explain the appeal of rural cemeteries and how they declined with the rise of garden and lawn cemeteries in urban areas.

Back 201

Graveyards were rarely closed and animals roamed on top of them, upkeep was up to individual families who may not keep it well. Urban crowding gave way to epidemics and foul odors that was dagerous for health reasons.
Rural cemetaries protected the dead by moving them out of city limits. Mt Auburn was the first rural and garden cemetery.
With garden cemetaries they were beautiful landscapes with nice tombstobes instead of skull and cross bone warnings. They were also affordable for most families. Lawn cemetaries rejected tomb stones and instead had small plaques.

Front 202

Explain the historical and social circumstances that produced the modern funeral director. Why did they become so quickly accepted in American society?

Back 202

Started with the successful marketing of embalming, during the civil war when family members died too far away for proper burial. Undertakers became responsible for embalming, caskets and transporting bodies in hearses. Coffins began being produces by a manufacturing company, taking away a big source of undertakers income. Embalmers started putting making and restructuring faces for the funeral. They were accepted because they allowed bodies to be transported, sanitized them, improved their appearance and let the mourning see their loved ones one last time.

Front 203

What were the arguments put forth for cremation, and why did they meet with resistance in certain parts of American society? How have modern funeral homes and various religious denominations had to adjust the increasing demand for crematoriums in recent years?

Back 203

Sanitary and spiritual reasons. It was seen as hygienic as it reduced risk of decomposing bodies. Also argued that cremation was more purifying and resonated with the soul rather than worshipping the body.
Funeral homes have adapted by : building crematoriums on their premise to charge for the service, and disposal, allowing the family to buy beautiful ornate boxes to burn thier family member in, attractive urns to keep the ashes, and various expensive and weird ways to dispose of the ashes (rockets, in space etc) and offering last memorabilia

Front 204

How did medicalization and urbanization contribute to the distancing of the American public from their experience of death? Who became the primary individuals to care for the dying and the dead?

Back 204

Care of the sick moved from the home to hospitals, distancing the family from death and illness. They became reliant on doctors and nurses to take care of their ill, they also became reliant on funeral directors to guide them through the death and funeral. Paid for body transport, naturalizing of the face and visage, casket and final memory image.

Front 205

What is it meant by the American way of dying? Do you think this applies in a Canadian context?

Back 205

America is a diverse culture with many different religions and personal beliefs, so there is not one way a funeral is done in America. This applies to Canada as well. America has been convinced that they need assistance in giving a proper burial and send off.

Front 206

Do you agree with the criticisms of journalists like Mitford, Bowman, and those in the home funeral movement who see the funeral industry as being exploitative?

Back 206

Yes. It is a profiting business built on death and grief, trying to get the family to spend as much money as possible for a "dignified burial"

Front 207

Compare and contrast the nature of funeral and mourning traditions in the religions covered in this unit. What similarities and differences do you see between these traditions, and how do practitioners have to adapt ceremonies and traditions to fit the culture in which they are living?

Back 207

Christians and Jewish people want their people to be buried, however Christians have adapted to accepting cremation. Funeral directors had to change their place on cremation and offer it, while also adding extra costs so they may make money (fancy burning boxes, urns, etc)

Front 208

Native beliefs

Back 208

Natives believed the world was sacred, not a sacred divide like Christians.
They buried bodies or entombed them, sometimes reburying them in a communal burial site

Front 209

Protestants

Back 209

Had expensive ceremonies until the notion of purgatory was rejected, then the family no longer needed priests and ceremonies

Front 210

Puritan

Back 210

Puritans believed all humans were evil because they inherit Adam's sin, only a select few will be saved.
The dead were clothed in a white shroud, simple wooden coffins and no emotion displayed.
These funeral practices evolved into having lined coffins and giving eulogies, though they were warnings to the still alive people.

Front 211

Embalming

Back 211

Originally rejected as it was religiously seen as attachment to the body that the soul had already left. This changed after the Civil War when soldiers died too far from home to be transported. With this funeral directors began improving the image of the dead for the loved ones (wearing their own clothes and makeup)

Front 212

Difference between caskets and coffins

Back 212

Caskets are just rectangular, not obviously for dead bodies. Coffins are wider at the shoulders and smaller at the feet. Christians wanted to slow decomposition

Front 213

NFDA

Back 213

National Funeral Directors Association

Front 214

Jewish funerals

Back 214

Did not accept embalming because they had to bury the body within 24 hours and sought to return it to the earth as soon as possible. Orthodox Jews relied on their own burial societies such as Chevra Kadisha, buried in a simple pine coffin with no metal

Front 215

Cremation

Back 215

cremation was banned as it was seen as a pagan practice.
It was later advocated for sanitary and spiritual reasons.

Front 216

According to the article by Maria Vera, what is the difference between ‘disenfranchised’ and ‘enfranchised’ grief?

Back 216

Disenfranchised grief is when the relationship with the deceased is not recognized, it needs to be understood as shaped by social factors. Examples include anyone who is not directly related to the deceased such as lovers or coworkers. Can also mean non grief sanctioned losses such as miscarriages or abortions.

Front 217

According to Vera, what are the types of social factors or circumstances that can shape the way people grieve?

Back 217

Whether the death was sudden or expected
Grief after a disaster (flood, tornado, 9/11)
Grief over suicide
Relationship between the deceased and bereaved is most important
Death of a child
death of a spouse

Front 218

What are the six questions raised by the cross–cultural study of grief according to Paul Rosenblatt? Can you provide any specific examples to illustrate the issues raised with each of these questions in addition to what is provided in the article?

Back 218

–What is life and what is death? ( IN some cultures life and death aren't defined lines)
–What is grieved as death? (miscarriage, abortion, infant death)
–Why did the death occur? (medical, spiritual, sorcery)
–What is lost because of the death? (the person, support, investments security, relationship)
–What is normal grieving? (numbness, disconnect, anger not outward reaction at all)
–What does the culture allow and provide to someone grieving (keeping buys, ritual etc)

Front 219

In what ways are the performance of death rituals meant to be beneficial for both the deceased and the living?

Back 219

Provide psychological support in coming to terms with the death. Provide support from the community to the bereaved. Excuse the bereaved from social and economic demands. Gives a time limit to mourning so one can mourn for a period then move on. Honours the deceased

Front 220

In what way, according to Rosenblatt, can death rituals be considered to be burdensome in a culture?

Back 220

Cultural obligations such as not being able to party or celebrate for a set period of time. Being expected to mourn even if the relationship with the deceased was not there

Front 221

What does Bardot mean in the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, and how does it relate to the so–called Tibetan Book of the Dead?

Back 221

Bardo means the in between
It can mean in between birth and death
Meditation al state
Dream stage
The moment of dying
Between death and rebirth
the Tibetan book of the dead is instructions of how the spirit moves through Bardo through death and rebirth

Front 222

How does Tibetan Buddhism explain lingering feelings associated with grief, and why is it considered to be problematic?

Back 222

Because they stem from unresolved relationships and because feelings retard the progress of the deceased in the next life. Ou t bursts from bereaved may affect the deceased in keeping their attachments to this world

Front 223

How does Tibetan Buddhism deal with grief, and what lessons does it teach mourners? What type of positive transformational effect can it have?

Back 223

Accept grief. Grief can be an opportunity for an individual to examine his or her own life and find meaning in it. Teaches one about compassion and can provide motivation to engage in spiritual processes. Attempt to channel grief into positive actions spiritually. They are attempting to transfer merit on behalf of the dead.

Front 224

What is the three stage process of mourning in Judaism, and why has the process of grieving been conceptualized in terms of different stages in Judaism?

Back 224

aninut–period between death and burial
avelut (mounring proper) is two stages– Shivah (7 days) sheloshim– mourning is over except for the parents.
Time is used as therapy, they know when the greiving period is and when it should end. It gives a sense of order and security.

Front 225

According to Gerson, why does the ritualized nature of grieving have such great therapeutic value in Judaism?

Back 225

The grieving know what is expected of them at each time in mourning, and when it is expected to return to normal. The community must also observe these customs. The ritual makes sure that the grieving have a framework of support and make grieving a group activity or group therapy. Also offers support when one cant vocalize. The constant repetition during mourning helps the grieving feel that they are in control. The body is also always in view until burial, which forces the grieving to be reminded that they are dead and can not be in denial.

Front 226

What are some of the ways Jews express their grief after the passing of a loved one?

Back 226

Distancing themselves, hostility, resents and complaints. They can not socialise, conduct business, and they are not to look in mirrors cut their hair or shave. Feelings of guilt are normal.

Front 227

In what ways does Gerson claim that the grieving process in Judaism is similar to Kubler–Ross’s stages of dying?

Back 227

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
Because a bit of the grieving person dies with the deceased, they react like terminally ill people. Process of mourning in Judiasim reenacts death. Aninut and avelut are forced separation ( denial)

Front 228

Compare the various theories of grief surveyed in the Study Guide and the readings, including the two–track theory of bereavement outlined in Yasien–Esmael and Rubin (2005). What commonalities and differences do they share? Do you find any one particular theory more convincing?

Back 228

In Islamic culture prolonged grief is discouraged Interferes with a rapid return to living.
Muslim tradition focuses the bereaved upon a rapid return to participation in society and in the faith community (features located upon Track I). The expectations as to the management of the emotional relationship to the deceased, however, are far less prescribed (Track II).

You are allowed to cry but not wail or shout, if you do the deceased is punished. It is normal for women to shout though.
The rituals carried out are a reminder to all those attending that death awaits us all.
Mourning period is 3 days after hearing of the death.
Unlike Judaism it is seen in Muslim religion, better if the family not sit at home after the death.

Track 1 is functioning I'm life

Track 2 is relationship to the deceased

Front 229

Do you feel the various grief theories mentioned can be applied universally across different religions and culture? Support your answer with specific examples from the readings.

Back 229

Freud believed grief and mourning where negative and stopped you from loving other
Lindemannargued that grief is a type of physical condition that occurs as a response tothe situations of acute stress associated with the loss of a loved one, .For Lindemann, then, the grieving or mourning process involves the threefoldprocess of emotionally freeing one’s mind from the deceased, readjusting toone’s environment without the presence of the deceased, and the eventualformation of new relationships.
GeorgeEngel believed that grief could be described as having a predictable coursethat included shock and various physical and emotional symptoms associated withthe trauma of losing a loved one
Bowlbyargued that, given the human need for intimate contact and relationships, theneed to bond and build emotional attachments was fundamental to human survival.Thus, when the relationship between an individual and their object ofattachment is permanently severed by something as disruptive as death,behaviours such as crying, clinging, or searching to reestablish one’sattachment to the deceased is viewed as being a healthy and natural
ElizabethKubler Ross arguedthat dying patients tended to process death in stages beginning with denial,followed by various psychological protests and attempts to delay their deathbefore coming to accept the end of life. Kubler–Ross distilled this processinto five stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
.For Worden, the grieving process involves four tasks, the first of which is theacknowledgment that the deceased is forever gone, and that reunion, at least inthe present life, is impossible. Once this is accepted, Worden stated, the nexttask of the bereaved is to work through the experience of grief, and to expressone’s sense of loss before moving on to the third task. The third task is toadjust to the new environment in which the deceased is missing.
Randoascribed six fundamental ‘R’ processes of grieving (Recognizing loss, Reactingto separation, Re–experiencing the deceased, Relinquishing theold attachment to the deceased, Readjusting to the new world, and Reinvesting)to three major phases of grief: avoidance, confrontation, and accommodation

Front 230

Outline the three step model used by Wallis to understand the process by which spiritualists convey messages from beyond the grave to the living.

Back 230

Spirits sharing information to the medium, who negotiates the message to the audience

Front 231

Using the article by Wallis, outline some of the themes that become apparent when mediums communicate with the dead.

Back 231

Themes are of the spirit still loving and wanting contact with the living, advice, location of objects and information sharing, to move on, support, sending healing energies

Front 232

Using the article by Bryant, outline the practices and observances associated with both the Day of the Dead and the observance of the Hungry Ghost month. In what ways are they different and similar, and why are they observed annually?

Back 232

Day of the Dead begins on October 3, it is a religious holiday in which living and dead family members reconnect. It is important and fairly expensive. Foods incense and gifts are left at an alter for the dead. AT 4 am the children ghosts visit until 8 am, then the family goes to mass. November 1st All Saints Day– families visit graves and attend mass. All Souls Day the families visit other altars in the community. The visits of the dead give death less of a finality. Day of the Dead is life affirming.
Ghost Month– Most families have altars for family ancestors and gods.Offerings are places on these altars on different hollidays and birthdays. food, drink and clothing must be provided for the dead by the living Celebrated the Ghost month in the 7th Lunar month (august to september) During the Ghost Month the gates of Hades are opened and spirits can visit, cared for ghosts (with families that supply them with offerings) are good natured. Uncared for ghosts are harmful.They are hungry ghosts and if the spirit died of accident murder or suicide, it attempts to cause someone else to die this way too. During Ghosts month families gve up offerings of food money and inscence to the uncared for ghosts in attempts to ward off their malisciousness
Both celebrations link the living and dead, gives reassurance that the living can visit when they die too

Front 233

Using pages 745–47 of the Klass article, outline the means by which Japanese Buddhists began to establish a continuing bond with the decrease in the immediate aftermath of a person’s death.

Back 233

The living must tell the dead that they are in fact dead and must leave.
Koden (in sense money) is money mourners bring to the funeral in envelopes. Bringing Koden expresses and reinforces network of social bonds. Those who have received Koden must reciprocate at a later time.
The living are in debt to the deceased

Front 234

Using pages 748–750 of the Klass article, outline the means by which bonds with the dead are continually maintained on a daily basis in Japanese culture.

Back 234

But suds!– a cabinet with memorial tablets pictures in sense and an bell are kept. Each morning Buddhist worship is performed and food is offered.
You can speak to the dead through this altar and share your life.

Front 235

Using pages 752–757 of the Klass article, outline the various means by which North Americans establish continuing bonds with the deceased. In what ways is this process similar in both performance and meaning to those found in Japanese culture?

Back 235

Linking objects (physical objects that contain the presence)
Religeon ideas and devotion– in prayers and rituals
Memories that they can recall
Identification–making the decease part of the self
Social bonds – self help groups with out her survivors.. they integrate the dead in their everyday life
Creating rituals
Developed rituals that connect them either the dead or bond them

Front 236

What is the three stage process of mourning according to Firth? Give examples of how she uses this when examining members of the Hindu community.

Back 236

Three broad general stages–Immediate loss–Shock denial and disbeliefGreat pain in facing reality (feelings of guilt or anger)Reorganization and recovery, the bereaved adjustthe time frames spent in these stages is determined by culture. Some may never recognize the loss but instead may worship them. Some things are very different– Hindus have large outbursts and British people are very detached

Front 237

Explain how the dreams experienced by Firth’s interviewees might serve as an important means of establishing a continuing bond with the deceased. According to Firth, how do Hindus eventually reorganize their lives after the death of their loved ones?

Back 237

The dead may appear in dreams and finish business or say goodbye. The dead may tell them they are at rest or appear as ghosts when the survivors have accepted their deaths. In some cases the individuals were warned by their dreams but thought that meant that the deceased woukd live a long life

Front 238

Using pages 196–199 from the Heilman reading, describe the traditions associated with the observance of the yahrzeit in Judaism. Why do Hasidic Jews mark the yahrzeit with a ‘feast’ of schnapps and cake?

Back 238

Traditions include
Visiting the grave with no less than ten comunity members
Lighting a memorial candle to show a new life lighting the way
The mourners stand at the reading of the Torah to symbolize the sou ascending heaven
They celebrate witha feast as a way of turning mourning into joy.
The year is supposed to be when the soul finally breaks free of its mortal body
Some study the Torah on Yahrzeit

Front 239

Torah

Back 239

Commandments given directly from God to Moses, they provide the basis for Jewish Law. There is a written Torah and an oral Torah, the written was passed from God to Moses, the oral was spoken from God to Moses. The oral was not written originally, but passed on through generations. In 200 CE the written and oral Torah were compiled to form the Mishnah.

Front 240

Rabbinic Judaism

Back 240

Rabbinic Judaism became the mainstream form of Judaism since the Talmudic Rabbi's found evidence in scripture in the Tanakh to support the idea of a rewarding afterlife after death.

Front 241

Mitzvot

Back 241

Mitzvot is the plural of Mitzvah. Mitzvah means commandent. The Mitzvot refer to the 613 commandments taken from the Torah by the Rabbi's that Jewish law is based on.

Front 242

Tanakh

Back 242

The Tanakh is the Hebrew bible, made up of The Torah, the Nevi’im, and the Ketuvim. These three parts translate to the Prophets, the Writings and the Torah. It is also known as the New Testament to Christians. In the Tanakh are also the written revelations Moses received from God, in the written Torah.

Front 243

Gemara

Back 243

Rabbinic commentaries on the Mishnah. It is included in the Talmud.

Front 244

Mishnah

Back 244

The relation to the written and oral Torah, as discussed by the Rabbis.

Front 245

Talmud

Back 245

Oral revalations, the Mishnah and the Gemara compiled together are referred to as the Talmud.

Front 246

Good/Evil Inclination (yetzer ha–toc/ yetzer ha–ra)

Back 246

All humans have an evil inclination (yetzer ha–ra) and a good inclination (yetzer ha–tov). These inclinations drive humans. The evil inclinations drive the fulfilment of desires and appetites, such as sexual desires. The evil inclination is seen as both good and bad, the evil inclinations dominate and alienate him from God, but also drive life (ex–having sex results in procreation). Life is about struggling with the two inclinations.

Front 247

Halakhah

Back 247

Jewish Law, based on the Torah. Halakhah are the laws that Jewish people must follow in their daily life.

Front 248

Sheol

Back 248

The underworld that all individuals are sent to after their death. It is a land of darkness that all those who die are sent to, regardless of whether they were a good person or not. Only a few exceptions are able to escape Sheol, and they must have some divine importance.

Front 249

Gehenna

Back 249

A place of punishment for the unrighteous. Similiar to the Greek beliefs. It is similar to Sheol in that it is a valley or a pit deep in the Earth. Some believe it is a temporary fate. In texts such as Darkhei Teshuvah and Gedulat Moshe, Gehenna is described as a dark place with rivers of fire. The sinners are punished by beasts and hung on hooks. Their punishments reflect their sins.

Front 250

Moses Maimonides

Back 250

A Jewish philosopher who interpreted resurrection. He was the most important Jewish philosopher in the Middle Ages and is still highly respected today. He proposed a dualistic view of life. He believed the body and soul were separate, and once the body has died the soul is resurrected into Heaven or a new spiritual body.

Front 251

Kabbalah

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Regarding death and reincarnation in Judaism. Kabbalah began around the time of Moses Maimonides but was passed down orally through centuries before. Kabbalah believes in the mystical text of Zohar which describes reincarnation and the souls journey to return to God. They believe a silver cord connects the soul to the body on Earth. The belief is that once this cord is broken the soul can not return to the body and the body will be dead. In the beginning, the belief of reincarnation was thought of as a punishment for the sinful, but it has since shifted. Kabbalists believe in three types of reincarnation, Gigul, Ibbur and Dybukk. Dybukk being evil reincarnation or possession.

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Zohar

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The book that contains the teachings of Kabbalah. Contains teachings of the afterlife in which there are numerous worlds or levels of reality that are controlled by angels and demons. The Zohar brought in the idea of reincarnation, that the soul transmigrates from one body to another, continuously learning until they can leave the cycle and return to God.

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Hasidic Judaism

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Hasidic Judaism is accepting of Kabbalah reincarnation theories. Hasidism are believed to have God given gifts including healing, speaking to the dead, to read past lives and recognizing incarnations

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Describe the various books that make up Jewish scriptures, and explain how these relate to the concept of the oral and written Torah.

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The Pentateuch is the first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible. The 613 commandments of the Mitzvot are taken from the Torah. The Nevi’im follows after the Pentateuch and is known as "Prophets", and contains Israelites history and material on prophets. After Nevi'im comes Ketuvim which is known as "writings" and contains proverbs, poetry and narrative tales. Together, The Torah, the Nevi’im, and the Ketuvim become the Tanakh (aka the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament)

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Outline the main characteristics of Rabbinic Judaism, and explain why it is so important to the development of Judaism.

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Began with the destruction of the Jerusalem temple by the Romans in 70 CE. Rabbis replaced priests and compiled Jewish scriptures. Ritual sacrifices previously practiced were replaced with keeping close covenant with God instead.

Rabbi's shifted the Jewish faith to so that those who were tortured for keeping their faith from the Greeks could believe in a reward for their faith. The Talmudic Rabbi's found evidence in the scriptures to support the theory of a rewarding afterlife.

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According to Ancient Israelite religion, what is Sheol?

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A bleak underworld that all individuals are sent to after their death, regardless of how good or bad they were. It is dark and all the dead are powerless there. Only a few of divine nature can leave.

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Describe how the Greek occupation under Antiochus Epiphanes IV impacted Jewish conceptions of death and the afterlife? Who were the major groups that shaped the debate on death and the afterlife, and whose conception eventually won out over the rest?

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Jewish people were punished for remaining faithful to their beliefs and were rewarded for changing faiths. Many people changed faiths until the Rabbi's were able to shift the faith into believing in a rewarding afterlife or resurrection from the Messiah after death for the faithful. The three schools of thought in regards to the spiritual transition were the Saducees, Pharisees and Essenes. The Saducees were upper class and did not believe in an afterlife, they believed life itself was the gift. Pharisees argued that there was retribution in the afterlife, this was later accepted as the main belief. Essenes took a position in between these two beliefs.

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What is the ‘official’ position on resurrection outlined in the Talmud, and how does this relate to Gehenna?

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The Talmud outlines that all souls will be sent to "The World To Come" (Olam HaBa) but your share of the world to come is based on how righteous or sinful you are. Gehenna is regarded as a Hell of sorts, though it could be a temporary Hell inw hich sinners are sent to atone for their sins before proceeding to Olam HaBa.

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Who was Moses Maimonides, and how did he interpret traditional Jewish views on death and resurrection?

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Maimonides was the most important Jewish philosopher in the Middle Ages, he believed that the soul leaves the body after death and has a new spiritual body in Heaven. He believed the soul and body were separate entities and the soul was resurrected into a spiritual body after death.

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Describe Kabbalah and Hasidic Judaism. What are their interpretations of death and the resurrection of the body?

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Kabbalah believes in reincarnation after death where the soul continues to learn until returning to God. Hasidic Judaism accepts Kabbalah and the concept of reincarnation and embraces the mystic and spirituality of Judaism.

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Olam HaBa

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The world to come

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Religion suggests a relationship between two levels of experience

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human experience and the level of that which is felt to be the sacred.

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The world’s three major monotheistic religions

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Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

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Canaan

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Jewish promised land, now known as Israel

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Halakah

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Jewish law based on the Torah

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Pentateuch

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the first five books of the Hebrew Bible

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yetzer ha–tov

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Every individual is born with a good inclination

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yetzer ha–ra

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evil inclination which drives humans to gratify their desires and appetites, including their sexual desires

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Sheol

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a type of bleak underworld to which all individuals—regardless of their actions –– are sent after their deaths

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process of Hellenization

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the acceptance of Greek and Roman cultural beliefs

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The Sadducees

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School of thought on Jewish faith, upper class clergy, regarded death as the conclusion of life. Life is the ultimate reward

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Pharisees

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Another school of thought, in favor of retribution in the afterlife.

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Essenes

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Third school of thought, concerned with monastic way of life and was in between the other schools of thought in reference to the afterlife

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3 schools of Jewish thought during transition

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Sadducees, Pharisees and Essenes

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gilgil

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reincarnation during pregnancy

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ibbur

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reincarnation when an old soul enters a different body . It stays temporarily and carries out commandments . They are benign souls that need to finish tasks they were unable to finish in their lifetime

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dybbuk

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reincarnation of an evil soul into the body causing mental illness or invading soul

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Gods chosen people according to Judaism

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Israelite, disciples of Abraham

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The prophet Ezra instituted what practices to differ Jews from others?

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These practices included circumcision, the observance of the Sabbath, the observance of the Jewish Year, and a prohibition on marrying anyone outside the Jewish community

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What are the different parts of the Torah?

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Refers to the Pentateuch, the first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible

The Torah was distilled by Rabbi's into the Mitzvot (613 Commandments) that form the basis of jewish law (Halakah)

After the Pentateuch is the section known as Prophets (Nevi'im)- contains narratives of Israelite history along with material attributed to the Prophets of ancient Israel

Following Nevi'im is Ketuvim (Writings) a collection of literature (proverbs poetry and narrative tales)

Tanakh- The Hebrew bible is The Torah, the Nevi’im, and the Ketuvim collectively

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Pentateuch

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first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible

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Nevi'im

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known as the prophet section. contains narratives of Israelite history along with material attributed to the Prophets of ancient Israel

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Ketuvim

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Following Nevi'im is Ketuvim (Writings) a collection of literature (proverbs poetry and narrative tales)

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The oral revelations to Moses

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he Mishnah, and the Gemara are collectively known as the Talmud.

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What is the difference between the Jewish and Christian view of Sin?

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The Jewish view of sin, then, is not the same as the Christian doctrine of Original Sin. Original Sin holds that all human beings are innately sinful, while Judaism stresses that sin is a choice one makes by allowing one’s evil inclination to dominate. Every individual, then, must accept responsibility for his actions or otherwise risk the spiritual alienation that is produced by sin.

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Olam Haba

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The world to come in Jewish faith, The messiah would rebuild Jerusalem

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Why did the Jewish faith begin to include thoughts of an afterlife?

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But this understanding of the afterlife only came during the occupation of Palestine by the Greeks and Romans. The pressure under which Jews found themselves to conform to not only foreign rule but the process of Hellenization (i.e., the acceptance of Greek and Roman cultural beliefs) generated the hopes for a saviour figure, or Messiah, who would liberate the Jews from foreign occupation, and restore to them the land promised to them by God.

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Maimonides view on the afterlife

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Ignored the concept of a physical resurrection, in death the soul leaves the body and is only resurrected in an allegorical sense, it raises to heaven and receives a new spiritual body

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Why did Jewish followers distance themselves into Christianity

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increasing tension between the early Christian community and the larger Jewish community widened the gap because Jesus was not accepted as the Messiah by the majority of Jews at the time. The second reason for the increasing distance between Judaism and Christianity was because non-Jewish converts, or gentiles, were not required to observe Jewish law once they had converted to Christianity

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What were the Crusades

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military expeditions like the Crusades, which aimed to free Jerusalem and other Christian holy sites in the Middle East from the control of Muslims.

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Proestantism

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Reformers that split with the Catholic Church

Rejected the need for clergy and instead stressed a personal relationship with God

Diversity among Protestants-Calvin believed in predestination, only certain individuasls could be saved

Luthor stressed salvation through accepting the lord

Denominations of Protestant reformation include Lutherans, Baptists, Methodists, Calvinist, Mennonites, and Anglicans

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Christian Bible

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consists of sixty-six books and two parts. The first part contains the Hebrew Bible, which, in part, contains the Torah (the basis for Jewish law); as well as the Prophetic Books that record the utterances of the various prophets, and their predictions for a Messiah who will liberate the Jews from foreign occupation. For Christians, the Hebrew Bible is known as the Old Testament for it represents God’s first covenant with humankind, while the second covenant is with Jesus in whom all the promises made by God to the Israelites come to fruition

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Epistles

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A part of the New Testament

The Epistles are the letters that Paul wrote to various figures in the early Christian Church

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Book of Revalation

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Book of Revelation recounts is apocalyptic vision of what will occur during the end of the world and the Judgment Day, when Jesus will return to judge all of humanity.

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Acts of the Apostles (Part of the New Testament)

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Acts contains the missions of Jesus’s disciples, and in particular, Paul’s mission to the gentiles.

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The Christian Worldview is based on....

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the Ten Commandments given to Moses at Mount Sinai and Jesus’s teachings.

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How are Jesus's teachings and Judaism related?

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esus announces that he has not come to abolish God’s laws to Moses, but to fulfill them. Thus Jesus’s teachings are in continuity with Judaism, but Jesus’s teachings in the Sermon on the Mount expand the commandments in order to exact a more intense and rigorous observance of Jewish law. For example, the commandment about adultery comes to encompass lustful thoughts and desires, and the commandment concerning killing is expanded to include the nurturing of anger and similar emotions.

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Original Sin

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Original Sin is the corruption of the human desire to do good by Adam and Eve, who brought sin and death to the world through their disobedience to God’s will. Christians once believed that Original Sin was passed down from generation to generation since the time of Adam and Eve, but Original Sin is now understood as being the fundamental tendency of human beings to place their own self-interest above God’s will. Christians believe that human beings cannot help but sin because it is a fundamental human trait.

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Origens views of resurrection

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Origen, argued that the body occupied by the deceased in life does not have to be restored to its original form at the time of resurrection; nor did he believe that sinners were condemned to an eternity in Hell – they would have an opportunity to enjoy an eternal life in Heaven.

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Augustines view of Resurrection

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Augustine, endorsed the concept of a physical resurrection, which emphasized that the dead would retain their original bodies in the afterlife, and go to either Heaven or Hell.