Dea Final

Front 1

What are the four components of a foreground question?

Back 1

Patient Problem
Intervention
Comparison of interventions
Outcomes (clinical, functional)

Front 2

this is just a part of the therapy that is given to someone; many of these make up an entire therapy experience

Back 2

intervention

Front 3

this is the whole of the therapy that is given to someone; made up from the individual parts

Back 3

treatment

Front 4

if a test is highly sensitive, is it best for ruling a test in or out?

Back 4

out

Front 5

if a test is highly specific, is it best for ruling a test in or out?

Back 5

in

Front 6

this is the gold standard database; it is the National Library of Medicine's premiere bibliographic database that covers all areas of medicine from health and medical journals

Back 6

Medline

Front 7

this is the search engine used to search Medline

Back 7

Ovid

Front 8

this database covers 1982 to the present and includes citations of articles from more than 1,000 journals; nursing and allied health literature

Back 8

CINAHL

Front 9

this database represents a "grassroots" effort to develop a database containing current research evidence on the effectiveness of physical therapy interventions; APTA database

Back 9

Hooked on Evidence

Front 10

the research platform/search engine used to search CINAHL

Back 10

EBSCOhost

Front 11

this is a free database of over 17,000 randomised trials, systematic reviews and clinical practice guidelines in physiotherapy; created by the Centre for Evidence Based Physiotherapy

Back 11

PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database)

Front 12

established in 1993, this database is an international network of people helping healthcare providers, policy makers, patients, their advocates and carers, make well-informed decisions about human health care by preparing, updating and promoting the accessibility of reviews over 4,000 so far, published online

Back 12

Cochrane Collaboration

Front 13

What are the 5 steps involved in evidence based practice?

Back 13

Define the question; search, appraise, integrate, and evaluate the evidence

Front 14

These are the 8 main components of research reports in peer-reviewed journals

Back 14

Title, structured abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusion, and references

Front 15

This component of the research report attracts readers attention and clearly and briefly states the focus of the article

Back 15

title

Front 16

this component of the research report is a brief statement of the key points in each section of the body of the article, provides a basis for readers to determine whether the article is worth reading in detail

Back 16

structured abstract

Front 17

this component of the research article sets the stage for the study by addressing the need, purpose, and importance of the study, relevant studies from literature, hypothesis, and reasons for expectations

Back 17

introduction

Front 18

this section of the research report includes: sample description, instrumentation/measurement tools, independent and dependent variables, testing procedures, and data analysis techniques

Back 18

methods

Front 19

this section of the research report contains findings related to purpose of study and to rejection of the null hypothesis, summary tables and figures, statistics

Back 19

results

Front 20

this section of the research report contains interpretation of the results, relationship to previous work, discussion of possible limitations, suggestions for future studies, and clinical implications

Back 20

discussion

Front 21

this section of the research report contains a brief statement of the principal findings, and the take home message/bottom line

Back 21

conclusion

Front 22

this section of the research report is in the format specified by the journal, and includes only articles that were cited in the report

Back 22

references

Front 23

This person in the peer review process reviews the manuscript in detail and writes comments, and forwards them to the associate editor of the journal

Back 23

reviewers

Front 24

this person in the peer review process reviews the manuscript in detail, reviews comments from the reviewers, summarizes all 3 sets of comments for the editor, and recommends disposition

Back 24

associate editor

Front 25

this person in the peer review process reads the manuscript and all comments, makes a decision about the disposition (accept, reject, revise and re-submit)

Back 25

editor in chief

Front 26

these professional assess the credibility of research done in the biomedical field; related ot the rise in evidence-based practice

Back 26

clinical epidemiologists

Front 27

these three words are often used in medical records to denote "normal"

Back 27

within normal limits, unremarkable, noncontributory

Front 28

these three words are often used in medical records to denote "abnormal"

Back 28

items in problem list, impressions, diagnoses

Front 29

this is the quantitative or qualitative description, act of converting observations to data, and assignment of numerals to objects or events according to some rules

Back 29

measurement

Front 30

this data type implies the naming of observations; there is a limited number of categories and there is no inherent order in the categories; numbers may be assigned but they have no meaning

Back 30

nominal

Front 31

what mathematical operation is permitted when using nominal data?

Back 31

counting

Front 32

this data type includes a limited number of categories, which can be rank-ordered sensibly; the spaces between the categories are not necessarily equal; number values used have no meaning other than to simply express an order

Back 32

ordinal

Front 33

what mathematical operations are allowed when using ordinal data?

Back 33

counting and rank ordering

Front 34

this data type contains an unlimited number of categories that are equally spaced and represent a continuum of values, but there is no fixed zero

Back 34

interval

Front 35

What mathematical operations are allowed when using interval data?

Back 35

counting, rank-ordering, and addition/subtraction

Front 36

this data type has an unlimited number of categories that are equally spaced and represent a continuum; there is a fixed zero-the values truly represent the amount of the thing being measured (0=total absence of the quantity being measured)

Back 36

ratio

Front 37

What mathematical operations are allowed when using ratio data?

Back 37

Counting, rank-ordering, addition/subtraction, and multiplication/division

Front 38

this is a procedure used to measure certain characteristics of individuals, used to convert observations of behavior into data; must consist of one or more scales or measurement that meet the logical requirement

Back 38

test

Front 39

What 5 characteristics does a test need to possess?

Back 39

Practical, accurate, responsive, reliable, valid

Front 40

What are the three measures of central tendency?

Back 40

Mean, median, mode

Front 41

this is the average of all the scores in a data set

Back 41

mean

Front 42

this is the middle number in a set of scores

Back 42

median

Front 43

this is the score that occurs most frequently in a data set

Back 43

mode

Front 44

these are the three measures of dispersion

Back 44

range, standard deviation, and variance

Front 45

this value is the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a data set

Back 45

range

Front 46

this is a statistic that tells you how tightly the values are clustered around the mean in a set of data

Back 46

standard deviation

Front 47

on the normal curve, 1 standard deviation is equal to __% of the population measured

Back 47

68

Front 48

on the normal curve, 2 standard deviations are equal to __% of the population measured

Back 48

95

Front 49

on the normal curve, 3 standard deviations are equal to __% of the population measured

Back 49

99

Front 50

this distribution is sometimes assumed to approximate naturally occuring distribution

Back 50

normal curve

Front 51

this is the proportion of a group of people possessing a clinical condition at a given point in time; obtained by determining how many people in a given population do and do not have the disease at a single point in time; addresses the question of how many people have the condition at a given point in time

Back 51

prevalence

Front 52

this is the proportion of a given group of people that are initially free of the disease that develop the disease over an interval of time; obtained by first identifying a disease free population then following them over time and counting the number who develop the condition; addresses the question of the rate at which new cases develop

Back 52

incidence

Front 53

When predicting the future course for a patient and deciding the likelihood of developing a condition, does the doctor base it on incidence or prevalence rates?

Back 53

incidence

Front 54

When assigning a probability to a diagnosis and knowing which conditions are more likely to be present, does the doctor base in on incidence or prevalence data?

Back 54

prevalence

Front 55

this is the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure, and the degree to which the test correctly represents the true value of the variable being measured

Back 55

validity

Front 56

this test is the one that is known to yield accurate results

Back 56

gold standard

Front 57

this type of validity addresses the extent to which the test includes a sample of elements that are representative of the domain of interest

Back 57

content

Front 58

this is a form of theoretical validity that can be thought of as a concept that has been deliberately invented for a special scientific purpose; the task is to provide support for the concept in a variety of ways

Back 58

construct

Front 59

this type of validity involves comaprison of one test result to another

Back 59

criterion related

Front 60

What are the three main types of criterion related validity?

Back 60

concurrent, predictive, prescriptive

Front 61

this type of validity deals with whether an inference is justifiable at the present time, requires measurement of at least 2 different variables on each subject at the same point in time

Back 61

concurrent

Front 62

this type of validity deals with whether an inference about the future is justifiable; requires measurement of at least one variable at two different points in time

Back 62

predictive

Front 63

this type of validity contains the idea that the measurement of one or several variables can be used to determine the type of treatment a person is to receive

Back 63

prescriptive

Front 64

what type of data does criterion related validity use?

Back 64

correlation coefficients

Front 65

what type of data does diagnostic test validity use?

Back 65

sensitivity and specificity

Front 66

this reflects the likelihood that a diseased patient has a positive (abnormal) test result; defined as the proportion of peple with the disease who have a positive test for the disease

Back 66

sensitivity

Front 67

this measure reflects the likelihood that a non-diseased person has a negative test result; defined as the proprtion of people without the disease who have a negative test result

Back 67

specificity

Front 68

this value shows the probability of having the disease in a patient with a positive test result-the fraction of patients with abnormal test results who have the disease

Back 68

positive predictive value

Front 69

this value is the probability of not having the disease with the test is normal; the fraction of people with a normal test who do not have the disease

Back 69

negative predictive value

Front 70

this measure is the reproducibility of the results of maesurement, the degree to which the test yields the same results when given on 2 different occasions or by 2 different examiners to the same group; the degree to which the test scores are free from errors of measurement

Back 70

reliability

Front 71

this score is the amount of the trait being measured that the person actually possesses

Back 71

true score

Front 72

this score is the amount of the trait that is actually measured

Back 72

observed score

Front 73

this type of error is characterized by an orderly progression or pattern of change in the results of repeated measurements

Back 73

systematic error

Front 74

this type of error is characterized by complete absence of order, haphazard fluctuations in measurements

Back 74

unsystematic (random) error

Front 75

this measure of a variable occurs when the variable does not change in the absence of intervention

Back 75

stability

Front 76

this type of reliability is when 2 measures are made by the same person

Back 76

intra-rater

Front 77

this type of reliability is when there are 2 measures made by 2 different people

Back 77

inter-rater

Front 78

what three tests are commonly used to analyze score data?

Back 78

Pearson correlation, t-test, and intraclass correlation (ICC)

Front 79

the average of the squared differences from the mean

Back 79

variance

Front 80

this coefficient shows the percentage of variation in the scores due to error

Back 80

coefficient of variation

Front 81

What type of error is the pearson correlation sensitive to?

Back 81

unsystematic (but not to systematic)

Front 82

this measurement is used to test for systematic differences in conjunction with the pearson correlation

Back 82

t-test

Front 83

is a higher or lower t-test better for reliabilty?

Back 83

lower

Front 84

is a higher or lower pearson correlation better for reliability?

Back 84

higher

Front 85

This measure is a family of coefficients based on ANOVA; used for greater than 2 measurements

Back 85

ICC

Front 86

is a higher or lower ICC better for reliability

Back 86

higher

Front 87

What test is best used for nominal data?

Back 87

cohen's kappa

Front 88

what test is best used for ordinal data?

Back 88

weighted kappa

Front 89

THis test is the acid test for agreement

Back 89

Cohen's kappa

Front 90

Is a higher or lower Cohen's kappa better for reliability?

Back 90

higher

Front 91

This test gives partial credit for less than perfect agreement in ordinal data

Back 91

weighted kappa

Front 92

is a higher or lower weighted kappa better for reliability?

Back 92

higher

Front 93

Is agreement or association better for reliability?

Back 93

agreement

Front 94

A __ t ratio indicates that ther eis no systematic difference between the 2 sets of scores

Back 94

low

Front 95

this case in ICC is when each subject is tested by a different pair of judges

Back 95

Case 1

Front 96

this case in ICC is when each subject is tested by the same pair of judges, and assumes that judges are randomly selected from all possible judges and that the results are generalizable to all possible judges

Back 96

Case 2, random

Front 97

this case in ICC is when each subject is tested by the same pair of judges, and assumes that judges are specifically selected and that the results are generalizable to only those specific judges

Back 97

Case 3, fixed

Front 98

this measurement is used to determine whether the variances in two independent samples are equal

Back 98

F ratio

Front 99

this evaluative scale was designed as an indicator of perceived health status for use in general and specific populations; useful in comparing relative burden of diseases, evaluating the effectiveness of different treatments, and identifying at-risk individuals

Back 99

SF-36

Front 100

this questionnaire is used to assess pain-related disability in persons with low back pain

Back 100

Oswestry scale

Front 101

this is an evaluative instrument that quantifies motor recovery, balance, sensation, joint motion, and pain; used clinically and in research to measure the severity of disease, describe motor recovery, and plan and evaluate treatment; used in patients who have had a stroke

Back 101

Fugl-Meyer

Front 102

the purpose of this is to measure the severity of disability and change sin functional abilities of children over time and over rehabilitiation settings; to weight the burden of care in terms of physical, technological and financial resources (for children 6 months-8 years)

Back 102

WeeFIM

Front 103

this test was intended to be sensitive to change in an individual over the course of a ocmprehensive inpatient medical rehabilitiation program; it is designed to assess areas of dysfunction in activities that commonlh occur in individuals with any progressive reversible or fixed neurologic, musculoskeletal and other disorders; provides an estimate of the burden of care

Back 103

FIM

Front 104

the purpose of this test is to monitor functional balance over time and to evaluate clients' response to treatment; has also been used for screening and as a prognosetic indicator

Back 104

Berg Balance Scale

Front 105

index developed to measure functional independence in personal care and mobility

Back 105

Barthel Index

Front 106

this index defines function as the degree of dependence, the degree of difficulty and amount of pain experienced in performing specific ADLs

Back 106

functional status index

Front 107

the purpose of this test is to provide a broad measure of client-perceived, health-related dysfunction based on how illness changes daily activities and behaviors; used in assessing health care services for clinicians, researchers, and third party payers

Back 107

Sickness Impact Profile (SIP)

Front 108

can be used as a self-administered functional assessment for a patient seen in primary care. It provides information on the patient's physical, psychological, social and role functions. It can be used both to screen initially for problems and to monitor the patient over time

Back 108

Functional Status Questionnaire

Front 109

this test is used to measure functional ability in a variety of activities, including lifting a book, picking up a nickel, climbing the stairs, etc.

Back 109

Physical Performance Test

Front 110

this test offers a quick and simple way to quantify cognitive function and screen for cognitive loss. It tests the individual’s orientation, attention, calculation, recall, language and motor skills.

Back 110

Mini Mental Status Exam

Front 111

can help measure how much fear and avoidance are affecting a patient with low back pain. This can help identify those patients for whom psychosocial interventions may be beneficial.

Back 111

Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire

Front 112

the purpose of this instrument is to provide a subjective measurement of pain intensity in clinical and experimental settings

Back 112

Numeric Pain Rating Scale

Front 113

this musculoskeletal diagnosis is the inability to coordinate an intersegmental task becuase of a deficit in timing and sequencing of one segment in relationship to another; primarily observed during postural control tasks and during inhand manipulation and grap and release of different objects

Back 113

Movement Pattern Coordinate Deficit

Front 114

this musculoskeletal diagnosis is weakness; may include the muscle, NMJ, peripheral nerve, or CNS; presentation may be focal, segmental, or related to fatigue

Back 114

Force Production Deficit

Front 115

This musculoskeletal diagnosis is the inability to execute intersegmental movement due to a lack of joint position sense or multisensory failure affecting joint position sense, vision, and the vestibular system

Back 115

sensory detection deficit

Front 116

this musculoskeletal diagnosis is the inability to screen for and attend to appropriate sensory inputs in order to maintain postural orientation; patients likely to complain of dizziness and/or visual/motion insensitivity

Back 116

sensory selection and weighting deficit

Front 117

this musculoskeletal diagnosis is the inaccurate perception of vertical orientation resulting in postural control deficits and the tendency to resist correction of center of massa alignment

Back 117

perceptual deficit

Front 118

this musculoskeletal diagnosis is the inability to fractionate movement associated with moderate or greater hyperexcitabilty; always associated with central neurological deficit

Back 118

fractionated movement deficit

Front 119

this musculoskeletal diagnosis is the inability to grade forces appropriately for the distance and speed aspects of a task; rapid movements are generally too large and slow movements are generally too small for their intended purpose; generally associated with cerebellar dysfunction

Back 119

dysmetria

Front 120

this musculoskeletal diagnosis is related to slowness in initiating and executing movement, may be associated with stopping of ongoing movement

Back 120

hypokinesia

Front 121

this deficit in movement is primarily related to lack of cognitive ability

Back 121

cognitive deficit

Front 122

what are the three main roles of positioning in the physical therapy exam?

Back 122

(1) specificity
(2) efficiency
(3) comprehensiveness (gives a complete picture of the patient's status)

Front 123

this is a comprehensive screening and specific testing process leading to a diagnosis or referral

Back 123

examination

Front 124

this is the dynamic process in wihch the PT makes clinical judgments based on data gathered during the examination

Back 124

evaluation

Front 125

this is a purposeful interaction of the PT with other health care providers using various procedures/techniques to produce change in condition

Back 125

intervention

Front 126

this is the sum of all interventions provided by the physical therapist to a patient/client during an episode of care

Back 126

treatment

Front 127

this type of care is made up of integrated/accessible healthcare providers in the primary environment (BJC, Wash U physicians)

Back 127

primary

Front 128

this type of care is when the patient is seen by someone else before the PT (referrals only)

Back 128

secondary

Front 129

this type of care is when there are comprehensive services (TRISTL, BJC, Wash U all together)

Back 129

tertiary

Front 130

What are the 6 elements of patient care?

Back 130

(1) Examination
(2) Evaluation
(3) Diagnosis
(4) Prognosis
(5) Intervention
(6) Re-evaluation

Front 131

what are the three components of a patient examination?

Back 131

(1) history/interview
(2) systems review
(3) tests and measures

Front 132

this is the determination of the predicted optimal level of improvement in function an the amount of time needed to reach that level

Back 132

prognosis

Front 133

during the intervention, this is the working together of all partiers involved with the patient/client

Back 133

coordination

Front 134

during the intervention, this is the exchange of information between health care providers

Back 134

communication

Front 135

during the intervention, this is the entry into the patient client record that identifies the care or service provided

Back 135

documentation

Front 136

during the intervention, this is the process of informing, educating, and training patients/clients and caregivers, which is intended to promote and optimize physical therapy services

Back 136

instruction

Front 137

this is the process of performing selected tests and measures after the initial examination to evaluate progress and to modify or redirect interventions

Back 137

re-evaluation

Front 138

this type of intervention is designed to improve the essential movement components of a task to restore normal alignment, muscle performance, and movement patterns (improved functioning in all environments)

Back 138

component-based

Front 139

this type of intervention is used to offset the effect of loss or deficit, resulting in alteration of alignment, muscle performance, or normal movement patterns (teaches the person how to compensate for loss)

Back 139

compensatory-based

Front 140

this is the primary dysfunction toward which the PT directs treatment

Back 140

PT diagnosis

Front 141

what level does a disease occur at in Nagi's model?

Back 141

cell

Front 142

what level does an impairment occur at in Nagi's model?

Back 142

organ system

Front 143

what level does a functional limitation occur at in Nagi's model?

Back 143

whole person

Front 144

in Nagi's model, this represents any pathological process associated with a characteristic/identifiable set of symptoms and signs; described in morphological/microbiological terms

Back 144

disease

Front 145

in Nagi's model, these are anatomical/physiologic/mental/emotional abnormalities at the organ/system level

Back 145

impairment

Front 146

in the Nagi model, this is a limitation in performance of selected tasks

Back 146

functional limitation

Front 147

in the Nagi model, this is a pattern of behavior that emerges over long periods of time during which an individual experiences functional limitations to such a degree that his/her socially defined role cannot be carried out

Back 147

disability

Front 148

what are the four underlying principles of the ICF?

Back 148

(1) universality
(2) neutrality
(3) parity
(4) environmental factors

Front 149

in the ICF model, this is the level at which a person can do in a standard envionment without personal assistance or equipment

Back 149

capacity

Front 150

in the ICF model, this is the level at which a person actually does perform in a standard environment with personal assistance or equipment

Back 150

performance

Front 151

if capacity is (greater,lower) than performance, the person's environment has enabled him to perform better than what data would predict (facilitated performance)

Back 151

lower

Front 152

if capacity is (greater, lower) than performance, some aspect of the environment is a barrier to performance

Back 152

greater

Front 153

in the ICF model, these are the anatomical parts of the body such as the organs/limbs/components/systems

Back 153

body structures

Front 154

in the ICF model, these are the physiological functions of the body systems (pain, etc. )

Back 154

body functions

Front 155

in the ICF model, these are the lack of execution of a task/action by an individual

Back 155

activity limitations

Front 156

in the ICF model, these are the lack of involvement in a life situation (self care, working, driving, community mobility)

Back 156

participation restriction

Front 157

in the ICF model, these are the physical/social/attitudinal environment in which people live and conduct their lives

Back 157

environmental factors

Front 158

in the ICF model, these are the gender/age/coping styles/social background/education of the person involved

Back 158

personal factors

Front 159

this is anything that establishes fact or gives reason for believing something (strength lies in the methods used to obtain)

Back 159

evidence

Front 160

this is using the best evidence to make decisions about the care of patients; integrating clinical expertise with systematic research

Back 160

evidence-based practice

Front 161

this is evaluating research papers to determine validity/applicability of conclusion (judge how much confidence to place in conclusions and whether it applies to patients)

Back 161

clinical appraisal

Front 162

these are developed statements used to assist patient/clinician in deciding appropriate health care for specific circumstances

Back 162

clinical practical guidelines

Front 163

this is the ability to use clinical skills and past experience to identify patient's health state/diagnosis, as well as individual risks/benefits of interventions (includes the patient's personal values and expectations)

Back 163

clinical expertise

Front 164

these are the preferences/concerns/expectations of each patient which must be integrated into clinical decisions to serve the patient

Back 164

patient values

Front 165

this is the use of explicitly quantitative methods to quantify prognoses/treatment effects/patient values to analyze a decision under conditions of uncertainty

Back 165

clinical decision analysis

Front 166

this is the summary of literature using methods to perform a thorough literature search (critical appraisal of each study using staistical techniques to combine studies)

Back 166

systematic review

Front 167

what are the five important steps to evidence-based practice?

Back 167

(1) Convert the need for evidence into answerable questions
(2) track down the best evidence
(3) critically appraise the evidence
(4) integrate the appraisal with clinical expertise
(5) evaluate effectiveness and efficiency

Front 168

what are the two perspectives of a diagnosis?

Back 168

(1) movement dysfunction
(2) functional ability

Front 169

these are the clusters of symptoms and signs associated with specific subtypes of movement dysfunction

Back 169

movement-related diagnoses

Front 170

this diagnostic grouping focuses on speciic impairments related to movement; includes signs, symptoms, postural alignment, muscle length and strength, endurance, and movement characteristics

Back 170

musculoskeletal

Front 171

this diagnostic grouping focuses on movement related characteristics associated with neurological deficits; includes measure of ability to fractionate movement, use automatic motor programs, muscle tone, and mental status

Back 171

neuromuscular

Front 172

this diagnostic grouping focuses on vital signs and symptoms at rest and with exercise, based in part on combinations of heart rate, rhythm, and blood pressure

Back 172

cardiopulmonary

Front 173

this type of pain is associated wtih intermittent pain/pain that varies in intensity; it is relieed at rest and is modified by postion or movement (would be treated by the PT)

Back 173

mechanical

Front 174

this type of pain is caused by systemic infalmmatory or neoplastic things; it is not relieved by rest or modified by positoin or movement; the pain is more constant and intensity does not vary (PT would not treat this)

Back 174

non-mechanical

Front 175

what are the four neuromuscular diagnoses that are component-based?

Back 175

(1) FPD with good recovery potential
(2) MPCD
(3) Sensory selection and weighting deficit
(4) Perceptual deficit

Front 176

what are the 6 neuromuscular diagnoses that are compensation-based?

Back 176

(1) FPD with poor potential
(2) sensory detection deficit
(3) Fractionated moement deficit
(4) hypermetria
(5) hypokinesia
(6) cognitive deficit

Front 177

in this musculoskeletal impairment, the patient stands with a flat back and pain is produced with lumbar flexion (pain is decreased with limited lumbar flexion and increasing hip motion)

Back 177

lumbar flexion syndrome

Front 178

the PT acts in this role when they evaluate and treat a patient

Back 178

direct care provider

Front 179

the PT acts in this role when they teach a treatment to a patient

Back 179

educator

Front 180

the PT acts in this role when they provide evaluation but no care to a patient

Back 180

consultatnt

Front 181

the PT acts in this role when they administrate, direct, and supervise the services and interpersonal services to a patient (delegator and organizer)

Back 181

care manager

Front 182

what is the highest level of evidence used for practice decisions?

Back 182

systematic review of random control

Front 183

what is the lower level of evidence used for practice decisions?

Back 183

expert opinion

Front 184

the primary dysfunction in this syndrome is that the lumbar spine extends more readily than the hip extensors extend the hip and the flexor muscles exert an anterior shear force on the spine nad or an anterior tilt moment on the pelvis

Back 184

lumbar extension syndrome