Dd&t3 Micronutrients

Front 1

Vitamin A: function

Back 1

Vision, embryonic development, growth, tissue differentiation

Front 2

Vitamin A: stores, longevity?

Back 2

Liver
>1 year

Front 3

Vitamin A: conditions predisposing?

Back 3

Fat malabsorption
Poor diet
Smoking (beta-carotene)

Front 4

Vitamin A: clinical presentation?

Back 4

Follicular hyperkeratosis
Scaling skin
Night blindness, blindness
Keratomalacia
Increased risk for morbidity from infections

Front 5

Follicular hyperkeratosis

Back 5

Vitamin A deficiency

Front 6

Vitamin A: can it be toxic?

Back 6

Yep. Some of the same symptoms as deficiency.

Front 7

What is thiamin?

Back 7

Vitamin B1

Front 8

Vitamin B1: function

Back 8

Coenzyme in decarboxylation and transketolation reactions

Front 9

Vitamin B1: stores, longevity?

Back 9

None
Weeks

Front 10

Vitamin B1: conditions predisposing to deficiency?

Back 10

Alcoholism
Inadequate diet
Genetic transketolase defect
Gastric Bypass

Front 11

Vitamin B1 deficiency: clinical presentation?

Back 11

Wet beriberi: cardiomegaly, tachycardia, CHF
Dry beriberi: peripheral neuropathy
Alcoholic polyneuropathy
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: confabulation, disorientation, etc.

Front 12

Vitamin B1: toxicity?

Back 12

None documented

Front 13

What is niacin?

Back 13

Vitamin B3

Front 14

Vitamin B3: function

Back 14

Component of NAD, NADP - glycolysis, tissue respiration

Front 15

Vitamin B3: stores? longevity?

Back 15

None appreciable
Weeks

Front 16

Vitamin B3: conditions predisposing to deficiency?

Back 16

Inadequate dietary niacin and tryptophan (uncommon)
Alcohol abuse

Front 17

Vitamin B3: clinical presentation?

Back 17

Pellagra - diarrhea, dermatitis in sun-exposed areas, dementia, issues with tongue

Front 18

Vitamin B3: toxicity?

Back 18

Flushing
N/V/D
Liver injury

Front 19

What is pyroxidine?

Back 19

Vitamin B6

Front 20

Vitamin B6: function?

Back 20

Cofactor in numerous reactions, mostly associated with AA metabolism

Front 21

Vitamin B6: stores, longevity?

Back 21

None appreciable
Weeks (inversely related to protein intake)

Front 22

Vitamin B6: conditions predisposing to deficiency?

Back 22

Inadequate intake (uncommon)
Drug interaction

Front 23

Vitamin B6: clinical presentation?

Back 23

Polyneuropathy
Oxalate stone formation
Glossitis, Cheilosis (nonspecific)

Front 24

Vitamin B6: toxicity?

Back 24

Ataxia
Sensory neuropathy

Front 25

Folic acid: function?

Back 25

1-carbon group transfer
Biosynthesis
Methylation of biological molecules, such as DNA

Front 26

Folic acid: stores? longevity?

Back 26

Liver
Months

Front 27

Folic acid: conditions predisposing to deficiency?

Back 27

Inadequate diet
Intestinal malabsorption
Pregnancy
Smoking
Antifolate medications

Front 28

Folic acid: clinical presentation?

Back 28

Macrocytic anemia
Leukopenia
Thrombocytopenia
Glossitis
Diarrhea
Malabsorption
Neural tube defects

Front 29

Folic acid: toxicity?

Back 29

Can mask B12 deficiency (methyl-folate trap)

Front 30

Vitamin B12: stores, longevity?

Back 30

Liver
Several years

Front 31

Vitamin B12: conditions predisposing to deficiency?

Back 31

Pernicious anemia
Gastric bypass
Resection or disease of terminal ileum or stomach
Strict vegetarianism (no plant sources)

Front 32

Vitamin B12: clinical presentation?

Back 32

Macrocytic anemia
Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
Glossitis
Neuropathy, unsteady gait

Front 33

Vitamin B12: toxicity?

Back 33

None documented

Front 34

Iron: stores, longevity?

Back 34

Bone marrow, liver, spleen
Months

Front 35

Iron: conditions predisposing to deficiency?

Back 35

Blood loss
Inadequate diet
Gastrectomy, gastric bypass surgery, pregnancy

Front 36

Iron: clinical presentation?

Back 36

Pallor, fatigue
Ice craving
Glossitis
Tachycardia
Microcytic anemia with advanced deficiency

Front 37

Iron: toxicity?

Back 37

Hemochromatosis
Hemosiderosis

Front 38

Vitamin C: functions?

Back 38

Hydroxylation of proline, lysin in collagen formation
Helps in GI iron absorption

Front 39

Vitamin C: stores, longevity?

Back 39

None
About 6 weeks

Front 40

Vitamin C: conditions predisposing to deficiency?

Back 40

Inadequate diet
Smoking
Physiologic stress from illness

Front 41

Severe ecchymosis or sheet hemorrhage

Back 41

Vitamin C deficiency

Front 42

Vitamin C: toxicity?

Back 42

Occasional diarrhea
Increased uric acid excretion
Interference with tests for urine glucose, stool occult blood
Supplements associated with increased CVD mortality in women with diabetes

Front 43

Vitamin D: function

Back 43

Facilitates calcium and phosphorous absorption and utilization
Maintenance of skeletal integrity

Front 44

Vitamin D: stores, longevity?

Back 44

Liver, skin

Months to years

Front 45

Vitamin D: conditions predisposing to deficiency?

Back 45

Chronic fat malabsorption
Gastric bypass
Breast feeding without supplementation
Inadequate sun exposures
Increased age

Front 46

Vitamin D: toxicity?

Back 46

Weakness
Fatigue
N/V
Hypercalcemia
Impaired renal function
Growth arrest in children

Front 47

Zinc: function?

Back 47

Cofactor for >70 enzymes

Front 48

Zinc: stores, longevity?

Back 48

Bone, muscle
Months

Front 49

Zinc: conditions predisposing to deficiency?

Back 49

Malabsorption
Critical illness

Front 50

Zinc: clinical presentation?

Back 50

Growth retardation, hypogonadism
Impaired taste and small
Dry, scaling skin
Poor wound healing

Front 51

Zinc: toxicity

Back 51

Possible interference with iron or copper metabolism, immune function