Dd: Disorders Of Speech

Front 1

Harley (2008)

Back 1

Suggests importance of airflow and place of articulation for normal speech production. These 2 factors are varied creating different speech sounds

Unvoiced = vocal cords open, more air out (e.g. p and t)

Voiced = vocal cords closed, less air out (e.g b and d)

Hint 1

Characteristics of normal speech production.

Front 2

Fourcin (1975a)

Back 2

The case of Richard Boydell who had congenital quadriplegia (paralysis of all 4 limbs). He could just about to say yes or no but that was it - mother presumed limited language skills. He listened to tv and radio.

Was given a typewriter which he could operate with his foot aged 30 and wrote a letter of thanks with suggestions of improvements. He eventually became a computer programmer

Hint 2

Richard Boydell

Front 3

Petitto et al (2004)

Back 3

Investigated the issues of how you know when a baby is moving there hands are they hand babbling or just moving hands

Looked at 6 kids with perfect hearing (3 have sign language input, 3 don't) and measured their hand movements using infrared lights

Found qualitative differences in that there was a lower frequency in speed of movements for signing children as opposed to speech exposed children

Hint 3

Babbling for critical periods with infrared light study

Front 4

Netsell (1981)

Back 4

Found 3-12 months is the sensitive period for babbling in terms of later speech production

Hint 4

Critical period for babbling

Front 5

Lenneberg (1967)

Back 5

Looked at 14 month olds who had had a tracheotomy in for 6 months.

Found appropriate aged babbling resumed the day after the tube was removed

Hint 5

Critical period for input? Tracheostomy study

Front 6

Kraemer et al (2005)

Back 6

Looked at individuals with tracheostomy from birth to 35 months and found that after removal the infants proceeded to rapidly progress through normal language stages (including babbling)

Hint 6

Tracheostomy study not evidence for critical period

Front 7

Simon et al (1983)

Back 7

Looked at 23 children aged 7 or younger with long term (6 months-6 years) tracheostomies.

They found removal of tube before expected onset had no effects on language development. Further subsequent removal once babbling should have finished led to delayed onset (particularly in phonology) but there was recovery

Hint 7

Long term tracheostomy study no evidence for critical periods

Front 8

Liberman and Mattingly (1985)

Back 8

Motor theory of speech perception suggests we perceive speech by matching it to the motor gestures required to produce that speech sound. They claim we use the same neural pathways for perception and production so we would expect people who have problems perceiving would then have problems producing

Hint 8

Motor theory of speech

Front 9

Fourcin (1975b)

Back 9

Looked at 9 types of stimuli (all 'oh' but varying in intonation from question to statement)

Found for 7 TDs they are sensitive to when it's a question/statement and the 2 anarthria participants could also perceive differences but the data is less clear

Hint 9

Independence of output processes with 'oh' question/statement study

Front 10

MacNeilage et al (1967)

Back 10

Investigated 17 year old women (E) who had motor difficulties.

Found she hS difficulties with speech production but can perceive the differentiations (can do categorical perception)

Especially with b/d/g she can't produce but can perceive

Hint 10

Patient E shows independence of output processes from perception: b/d/g study

Front 11

Bishop and Robson (1989)

Back 11

Looked at 48 10-18 year old children with cerebral palsy (half anarchic (can't speak) and half dysarthric)

Looked at their nonverbal and vocab skills and found that nonverb and verbal skills are sort of the same regardless of whether they have verbal production difficulties, suggesting no apparent issues in receptive language

Hint 11

No independence of output processes from receptive speech. Study on children with cerebral palsy

Front 12

Sokolov (1972)

Back 12

Found children develop inner speech by internalising overt articulation

2-3 year olds verbalise everything but at somepoint this becomes internal

Front 13

Bishop and robson (1989)

Back 13

Examined phonological similarity effect and word length effect in verbal STM tests which required nonverbal responses

They recorded the order of pictures by using response board and eye tracking movements

Found phonological coding and potential evidence of rehearsal in speech disordered individuals

Hint 13

Independence of output processes from inner speech