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405 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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concrete discovered by who, when
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Romans, third century BC
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Cement Hall
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Robert Maillart, 1939
thinshell vault, reinforced concrete |
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Pier Luigi Nervi
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reinforced concrete innovator for sports and airplane hangers
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most common forming material
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coated 3/4" plywood,
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form types
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wood, steel, plastic
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form ties
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hold opposite sides of form
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slip form
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moves while concrete forms for cont. surfaces
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flying form
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for identical units above after conc. cured
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formwork economy
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most expensive aspect of CIP conc.
aim for uniform bay size, beam depth, etc. |
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conc. column, pier, wall max variation from plumb (vert. and horiz)
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1/4" per 10'
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conc. max variation from plumb for total height of structure
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1" : 100' interior col.
1/2" : 100' for corner col. |
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conc. max variation from plunb for length of building
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+/-1"
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conc. slab elevation deviations
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+/-1/2" per 10ft., 3/4" for total length
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conc. elevated slab elevation deviations
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+/- 3/4"
1/8" per 10ft. for finished slab |
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capillary action
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moisture motion thru slab on grade by adhesion, surface tension and cohesion.
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diffusion
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moisture movement from high vapor pressure to low pressure
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stop moisture movement @ slab on grade
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vapor barrier on sand cushing or subbase
low water-cement ratio (0.45-.50) allow slab to dure and dry before finishing (6 weeks) |
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vapor barrier, def.
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prevent water vapor from passing thorough it; min. 10mil not exceeding .04 perm
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vapor retarder, def.
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slows the rate of water vapor trans.
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permeance
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measure of materials resist. to water vaor trans., expressed in perms
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perm
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pass one grain of water vapor per hr. thur sq ft of material
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rebar grade
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40 and 60 common (50 and 75 sometimes)
kips per sq in. |
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rebar type
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axle, rail, billet; billet most common
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epoxy coat rebar
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if exposed to chlorides or marine areas
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rebar min. coverage:
no weather exposure- slab/wall beam/col. |
3/4"
1 1/2" |
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rebar min. coverage:
WITH weather exposure- no. 5 and smaller larger than no. 5. |
1 1/2"
2" |
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rebar min. coverage:
slab on grade |
3"
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WWM types
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W for smooth; D for deformed
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chair
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holds rebar above bottom of form
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concrete types
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type I- stnadard
type II- modified (control heat of hydration) type III- high early strength (also cold weather) type IV- minimal crack, low set type V- where exposed to water |
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amt of water to concrete
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25% of weight for hydration, 10-15% more for workable mix. .35-.40 of conc. weight
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laitance
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chalky surface deposit
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fine aggregates
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pass thru no. 4 sieve
70-75% of mix max size not more than 3/4 of smallest rebar spacing and 1/5 of slab depth |
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1:2:4 conc. ratio
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1 part cement, 2 sand, 4 gravel
also specify amt of water |
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design strength
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determined after 28 days
2000, 3000 or 4000psi typ. |
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air entrainment
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improve workability, and improve resistance to freeze/thaw cycle
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accelerators
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speed hydration
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plasticizer
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reduce amt of water needed
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retarders
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slow down setting time
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fly ash
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increase strength, decrease perm, increase sulfate resist and imporve workability
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autoclaved aerated concrfete
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pc concr w/ alum. powder
1/5 the density of standard 10"x 25"x4" (8" and 10") light, good sound trans. not as strong, non loadbearing not ext. finish |
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self consolidating concrete
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does not need vibration
w/ polycarb polymer less labor, sets quicker |
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carbon fiber concrete
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epoxy coated carbon fiber mesh
precast panels as less coverage needed |
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poured gyp deck
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for roofs (fire protect) poured in panels supported by purlins
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concrete curing
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control moisture and temp for 7-14 days, as conc. gains 70% strength then
cover, seal, water the pour to maintain |
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slump test
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12" cone, compacted by hand
set conc. and measure the amt. of slump from orig. 12" 2-6" acceptable |
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cylinder test
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compressive strength at 7 and 28 days
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other conc tests
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core cylinder, kelly ball, impact hammer, k-slump
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calcium chloride test
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moisture in concrete, inexpensive and easy
test every 500-1000sf |
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hygrometer test
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relative humidity test
measure RH adjacent the slab 75% or less |
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polyethylene sheet test
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18x18in sheet to trap excessive moisture
visual inspect after 16hrs for visible water |
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elect impedence test
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use elect probe to determine moissture content
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conc. ph level and alkalinity
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ph of 12.0 tpo 13.3; alkalinity can be diff in slab with independant of ph
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alkali silica reaction
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can buckle concrete
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tremie
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chute for placing conc. underwater
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conc. segregation
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seperation of aggregate, water and sand
dropping from distance can do this 5 ft. max. |
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arch conc finishes
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form liner-
scrubbed- wet and use wire brush acid wash- water jet |
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tooled conc. finishes
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bush hammer
grind- give terrazo fin. applied- such as stucco sandblasted- |
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rubbed conc. finish
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smooth- rub w/ carborundum brick
grout cleaned- apply grout and smooth |
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slab finishes
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float finish- sandpaper fin
light steel trowel- consolidates conc. hard stl trowel- further consolidate broom fin- slip resistant superflat- warehouse finish |
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control joint
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designed location, cut at 1/4 the slab depth max
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construction joint
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determined by contractor at end of pour, may require key or waterstop
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isolation joint
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not as complex movement as exp. joint, isolate column from slab
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precast cored slabs
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allow greater depth for load bearing while decreasing weight
6-12" deep 4ft. wide typ. |
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post tension conc
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tendons in beams are tensions after concrete surround cures
bonded, cut and made part of beam unbonded, removed and fill w/ grout |
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soil types
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sand, gravel, (good foundation materials)
silt, clay, (not consistent, may be good with testing) organic (not good for foundations) |
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hardpan
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unbroken clay, sand and gravel
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soil test
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core borings- typ.
standard penetration test-density of soil by pushing cylinder down test pits auger borings wash borings- can break what auger can't soil load tests- loading to check settlement |
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unified soil classification system
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gravel- 50% retained by no. 4 sieve
sands- 50% passes no. 4 sieve silts and clays- liquid limit above or below 50 organic- matter, dark in color, smell organic |
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soil treatment
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drainage
fill compaction densification- use vibration, dropping weights and filling voids with sand surcharging- preload with soil and remove after settlement, large areas mixing |
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max excavation
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slope of 1 1/2 horiz. to 1 vert.
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rough grading
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to w/i 6 in of final grade
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finish grade
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to w/i 1in of final grade
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shoring
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excavation greater than 1.5 to 1
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beam and timber shoring
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stl soldier beams with horiz wood cribbing.
insert tiebacks w/ cont. wale and proceed up |
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braced shoring
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vertical sheet supported by diag brace.
cont. wale at brace/sheet connection and conc. heel at brace base |
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slope from bldg
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1/4" per ft
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gravel or mat at foundation
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used to lessen hydrostatic pressure against fndn wall
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manhole distance
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at every 500ft or change of direction
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concrete paving thickness, jnts
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5", 1/2" exp jnts at 20ft
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asphalt paving thickness
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2-3in over gravel base
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concrete walk thick, joint
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4", control jnt at 5', exp jnt at 20' and at curbs, buildings, etc.
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lime
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used to plasticize cement and make more workable, provide resilience to allow movement
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masonry cement
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limestone, not lime, mainly for lowrise veneers and non load bearing
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mortar types
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M, S, N, O
differnt proportions of cement lime and aggregate w/ different compressive strengths spec different types w/ differnt masonry and conditions |
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grout
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similar to mortar, but mixed to a pouring consistency
course grout includes no. 4 aggreg fine is used for 2" spaces |
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brick
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burned clay, shale or mixture
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basic brick types
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face-
common |
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common brick grades
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SW-severe weathering
MW-moderate NW-negligible reflect ability to resist freez thaw |
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common brick types
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FBS-general use
FBX-mech. perfection FBA-nonuniform |
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hollow brick
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sim. to common, w/ same types
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brick sizes
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standard
roman norman |
3 courses=8"
2 courses=4"x11 5/8" 3 courses=8"x11 5/8" |
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surfaces
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bed-top/bottom
end face-ext side-int cull-opposite end |
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wythe
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cont. vertical section of wall
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tooling
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makes joints more watertight
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exterior tooled joints
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concave flush and vee
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masonry joint spacing
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expansion at 100'
control joints at 20' and at changes in wall direction, height or thickness |
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horiz masonry joints
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below shelf angles and beams
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wall tie spacing
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16" vertically
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top of wall parapet
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flashing w/ sloped coping and drips
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base flashing
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extend 8-10" up interior wall to masonry joint. turn down at ext face of wall
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weeps
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24" horiz at lowest course of brick and at all openings, shelf angles, etc.
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steel lintel bearing
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min. 6"
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efflorescence
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white deposit of salt on surface of brick. caused when water brings out salts in wall
eliminate w/ muriatic acid or simple wash in warm weather |
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clean brick
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muriatic acid and water
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tuck or repointing
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replacing damaged mortar
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cmu type
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solid is 75% solid
hollow is less than |
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cmu reinforcing
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horizontal at 16"
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equivilant thickness
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used to determine fir rating based on unit and percent of solid material
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masonry parapet height
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not to exceed 3x nom. thickness w/o bracing
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structural clay tile
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burned clay formed into hollow units
load bearing and nonloadbearing |
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struct. clay tile grades
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S-select- narrow mortar joints
SS-select sized- small variations |
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terrra cotta
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high fired clay unit for cladding and decorative purposes. water is very damaging and must be carefully detailed
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adhered or anchored
adhered max of 1 1/4" thick anchored w/ SS or galv anchors and full grout. anchors at 1 1/4" thick |
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glass block
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hollow or solid, clear textured or patterned. good thermal properties
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stack bond, w/ S or N mortar and horiz and vert reinforcement
provide expansion joints and sides, base and top |
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cast stone
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mix of portland cement, snad and light aggregates
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igneous rock
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solidification of molten rock
granite |
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sedimentary rock
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rock disentigration
sandstone, limestone |
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metamorphic rock
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igneous or sedimentary rock altered by pressure or intrusion of liquid over time
marble and slate |
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terrazo
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stone chips and cement
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rubble
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stone w/ little of no shaping
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squared stone
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slightley shaped edges resulting in verticle joints
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ashlar
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cut stone
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stone arrangements
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range
broken range random |
uniform courses
coursed for short distances devoid or coursing |
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veneer stone
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3/4" to 1 1/4" thick
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dimension stone
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cut to uniform shapes and dimensions for steps trim and coping
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stainless steel
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steel w/ chromium and nickel to make corrosion resistant
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hot rolled steel
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structural stl shapes incl wide flange and channel sections
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cold rolled stl
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light gauge sections
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brake forming
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shaping plates and sheets thru succesive one direction bends
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annealing
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reheat metal and cool to obtain more ductile metal
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quenching
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heating mtl and quickly cooling often in liquid to strengthen mtl
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tempering mtl
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heating w/o the cooling to improve strength and workability
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case hardening
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hard surface stl over softer core
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basic mtl finishes
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mechanical finish
chemical finish coatings |
alter surface in some way
altering sufrace by chemical process applied to surface |
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basic mtl joints
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mechanical
welding brazing soldering |
screws, bolts, clips
joining by heating above melting point join with nonferrous fillr metl join with lead or tin alloy |
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galvanic action
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corrosion resulting from different types of mtl in contact
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ferrous mtl
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contain substantial amount of iron
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iron, stl, Sstl and other alloys
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amount of carbon
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determines strength, ductibility of ferrous mtls
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wrought iron
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iron w/ low carbn content and large amount of slag
soft, ductile, corrosion resistent ornamental applications |
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cast iron
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carbon content above 2%
hard but brittle |
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ductility
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allow stl to withstand excessive deformations due to high tensil stresses
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stl fire characteristics
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stl does not burn, but deforms under flame
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stl types
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low carbon
med carbon high carbon standard struct stl carbon amount increases strength, but decreases ductility |
.06-.30%
.30-.50% .50-.80% .20-.50% |
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ASTM A36
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most common structural steel
American Society for Testing and Materials, yeild point of 36ksi |
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stainless steel types
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8 building types
min. 11% chromium alloy shapes? |
sheets, wire, bars and plates
custom extrusions |
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stainless finishes
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for architectural work:
no. 3-8 dull to reflective no. 4 is most used |
coatings of organic and inorganic materials
organic more elastic |
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weathering stl
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alloy w/ small amt of copper
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nonferrous mtl
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does not contain iron
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aluminium, copper, zinc, lead, gold
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bauxite
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primary source of alum.
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aluminum
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weak alone, but alloyed w/ manganese, zinc, magnesium and copper to improve strenth and hardness
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alum finishes
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buffed- smooth
direction textured- like brushed nondirctional textured- more sim thru patterned finish- formed by rollers |
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alum coating
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anodizing
impregnated color coating |
elctrochemical process to deposit integral coating
powder coat, baked enamel, laminated coating |
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alum drawback
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amt of energy to refine and mfr.
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copper alloys
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bronze
brass |
copper and tin
copper and zinc |
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monel mtl
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copper and nickel
used in roofing |
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copper coatings
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can apply clear organic, mettalic and oil/wax coating, but generally allow patina to form that protects the metal
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american standard I-beam
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designated S, flange slope at 1:6, depth remains same, while weight increases by adding to the web
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bar stl
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rect section 6" or less in width w/ .203" thickness
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plate stl
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over 8" wide, w/ .230" thickness
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open web joist types
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K
LH DLH |
standard- 8-60'
long span- 25-96' deep long span- 89-144' |
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LGMF
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10-25 gauge
rafters and joists can span up to 40' |
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spiral stairs
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typ stl fabrication
standard diameters 30degree tread typical (12 steps in 360turn) |
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oil canning
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specify thickness of flat sheet mtl to avoid inconsistency
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galvanic series
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zinc
galv stl alum steel and iron S Stl lead tin copper alloys copper |
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lumber
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sawed, planed, or otherwise prepared wood
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timber
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lumber w/ min. 5" dimension
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softwood
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coniferous tress
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hardwood
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deciduous trees
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exterior application woods
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redwood and cedar
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lumber strongest
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parallel to direction of grain
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lumber weakest
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horizontal shear force
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wood defects
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knots
check pitch pocket shake split wane |
branch or limb embed
seperation of fibers through grow rings open area btwn rings containing resin lengthwise seperation thru rings seperation thru entire piece at ends presence of bark or absence of wood at edge |
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warp
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bow (opposite crook)
cup |
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yard lumber
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structural purposes and rough framing
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factory and shop lumber
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door frames, windows and finish
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board feet
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measure of quantity of wood, based on 1 bd ft= 12in x12in x1in piece
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wood moisture content
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fraction based on amount of oven dried wood
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moisture content desired
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equal to prevailing humitdity to which exposed
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dry lumber
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not to exceed 19% moisture content
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wood shrinks
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perpendicular to the grain
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plywood ratings
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structural- 2 numbers, one for roof support spacing, one for floor support spacing (ex. 36/24)
veneer face- N,A,B, C, D |
N by special order
A best typical |
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special plywood
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patterned
marine overlaid- special resin impregnated paper |
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sheathing
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provides lateral support on framing
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OSB
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wood strands at right angles and bonded with resin waterproof glue under heat and pressure
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MDF
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medium density fiberboard
wood particles in a moderate pressure steam vessel and combine w/ resin and bonded high dimensional stability |
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hardboard
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inter felted fibers under heat and pressure
tempered is stronger |
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heavy timber construction
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noncombustible exterior wall
min. 8x8 columns beams and girder min. 6x10 and firecut usually glue laminated timber |
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wood preservatives
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creosote
oil borne preservatives waterborne preservatives |
coal tar distillate (insects) not in building components
utility pole treatment (penta) most used in residential commercial and industrial (ACQ, SBX) |
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CCA
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chromated copper arsenate
phased out for residential in 2003 |
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ACZA
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ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate
corrosive to fasteners |
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architectural woodwork
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mainly hardwoods
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finish carpentry classifications
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slects
finish paneling commons siding alternate boards |
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select wood
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B & better
C select D select |
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wood finish
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superior
prime E grade |
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heartwood
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center of tree
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sapwood
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perimeter of wood
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fingerjointed
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softwood trim based on manufacturing of lengths of trim from shorter pieces
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lumber cuts
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plain sawing
quartersawing rrift sawing |
efficient and cheap, typical face
quartered and cut, perp to the grain, less defects radial cut, best vertical lines, much waste |
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arch woodwork standard
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Grade I, II, III
limitations on types of defects |
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arch woodwork grades
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premium
custom economy |
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veneer
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most common hardwood arch woodwork due to limited types
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veneer cuts`
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rotary
plain slice quarter slice half round rift cut |
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flitch
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individual veneers from same log
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scribe
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oversized pice of plastic laminate or wood to be trimmed in the field to fit backsplash to wall
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cabinet door construction
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flush
flush overlay reveal overlay lipped overlay |
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veneer matching
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bookmatching
slip matching random matching |
every other piece of flitch is turned over
consecutive pieces are placed side by side no particular seq., different flitches |
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wood panel assembly
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warehouse matching
sequence matching blueprint matching |
single flitch, field cut around doors/windows
uniform width mfr for spec job panels mfr precisely to fit the room and all openings, most expensive |
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stile
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vertical frame panel
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rail
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horizontal frame panel
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HPDL
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high pressure decorative laminate
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kraft paper layers w/ phenolic resin and overlaying paper w/ colored sheet and layer of melamine
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laminate types
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colorthrough
fire rate chimical resistant static dissipative metal faced natural wood laminate |
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melamine
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low presure laminate
decorative overlay pressed to a backer board less than HPDL |
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standing trim
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cont. single piece of wood trim
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running trim
|
wood trim installed in pieces
base or hand rail |
|
|
|
solid surface
|
generic term for polymer based surfacing material, often used for countertops
|
|
|
|
woodwork finish code req's
|
regulated on wall and ceiling, but not for furniture or cabinetry
|
|
|
|
wood fire rating
|
class C material unless treated w/ fire retard
|
|
|
|
opaque wood finishes
|
lacquer
vanish polyurethane polyester |
high nitrocellulose content w/ resin and plasticizer
resinous material dissoved in a volatile liquid synthetic finish giving hard durable finish also synthetic, sheen, durable finish but not as hard |
|
|
transparent wood finishes
|
lacquer
varnish vinyl pentrating oil polyurethane polyester |
|
|
|
wood stain
|
water based
solvent based |
|
|
|
dampproofing
|
controlling moisture not under hydrostatic pressure, typically below grade
|
admixtures in concrete
bituminous coating- not self healing cementitious- portland mortar membranes- more waterproofing than damp plastics- typically above grade |
|
|
waterproofing
|
control of water under hydrostatic pressure
|
typically membrane with protective member over
|
|
|
waterstop
|
cont. rubber or neoprene extrusion imbedded at concrete joints
|
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|
|
bentonite panesl
|
bentonite clay w/ kraft paper covering, at walls and under slab
|
|
|
|
geotextile matting
|
used in conjunction with drainage and waterproofing at foundations
|
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|
|
heat xfer
|
conduction
convection radiation |
flow of heat thru a material
xfer of heat thru a liquid xfer of heat thru electromagnetic waves |
|
|
best insulation
|
a vacuum
most insulation involve small pockets of air that prevent convection but large enough to prevent direct heat xfer |
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|
|
BTU
|
quantity of heat xfered
|
heat req to riase the temp of 1lbm of water by 1 degree
|
|
|
r-value
|
resistance of a material to heat xfer
|
1 BTU thru 1sf of a material at a given thickness over 1 hr.
|
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|
conductivity
|
rate at which watts flow thru 1sm when temp changes 1degree C
|
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|
|
long term thermal resistance
|
measure of thermal xfer after a period of time (average for 15-year period)
|
|
|
|
loose fill insulation
|
poured of blown
use in spaces where other types not able settles req. vapor barrier/retarder |
rock or slag wool- waste from blast furnace
cellulose- shredded waste paper treated for fire and insect fiberglass- spun molten glass into fibers perlite- hydrated laminar magnesium-aluminum iron silicate vermiculite |
|
|
batt insulation
|
fibrous material on or w/i kraft paper backing
|
|
|
|
plastic fiber insulation
|
recycled plastic bottles
|
|
|
|
board insulation
|
organic and inorganic, mostly inorganic now
|
inclues polystyrene, polyiso, polyurethane
|
|
|
molded expanded polystyrene
|
closed cell bead containing liquid pentane, molded into a foam block
beadboard |
|
|
|
extruded expanded polystyrene
|
higher insulation and more expensive that molded
foam is forced thru extruder |
|
|
|
polyisocyanurate
|
closed cell foam w/ low conductivity gas
|
|
|
|
polyurethane insulation
|
closed cell foam, no HCFC, R-6.5, more expensive
|
|
|
|
sprayed foam insulation
|
polyurethane or polyiso base, high R-value and conforms to space
also a soy version |
|
|
|
spray fiber insulation
|
cellulose, fiberglass, rock wool w/ water and adhesive
fill cavity, but does not settle must dry before enclosing |
|
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|
reflective insulation
|
radiant barrier combined w/ a backing of insulation
|
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|
|
reflective surfaces have
|
reflectivity- percent reflected
emissivity- how much energy is emitted (want max reflect and min. emissitivity) |
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|
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ICF
|
insulated concrete form
expanded polystyrene blocks w/ reinforcing req. fire protection at interior face |
|
|
|
vapor retarder
|
material used to slow the xmission of water vapor btwn space.
some integral w/ insulation, others seperate film |
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|
a square
|
equal to 100sf
|
|
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|
roofing types
|
asphalt shingle, low slope
asphalt shingle, normal asphalt roll roofing wood shingles clay tile slate tile metal roofing built-up roofing single-ply membranes |
min. max. slope
2 4 4 12 1 4 4 4 4 3 1/4 1 1/4 6 |
|
|
shingles
|
shed water, not a watertight seal
30lb felt as underlayment |
|
|
|
wood shakes
|
typ. cedar
|
finishes:
smooth face handsplit |
|
|
roofing tile
|
slate, clay and concrete tile
30lb asphalt saturated roofing felt |
|
|
|
slate shingle
|
expensive, long lasting- 100years+
|
|
|
|
clay tile
|
many colors, patterns, etc
long lasting, expensive |
|
|
|
concrete
|
similar shapes and styles as clay and slate, much less expensive and very durable
|
|
|
|
sheet mtl roofing
|
durable and can accomodate roof shapes
high cost and difficulty installing |
copper
galv iron alum. terneplate- slt coated w/ lead and tin, rosin underlayment stainless stl zinc lead |
|
|
mtl roof cleats
|
used to attach to the rof spaced at 12in.
|
|
|
|
preformed roof and wall panels
|
mtl pieces w/ insulation that are self supporting units
|
alum
galv. stl porcelain enamel stl |
|
|
membrane roofing
|
sheet, roll and spray material for roofs from 1/4 slope and up
|
|
|
|
built up roofing
|
bituminous sheets overlapping, cement together w/ roofing cement
layer amount based on deck type and warranty nailable or non (base coat is applied) final coat over the entire roof and coverd with gravel or slag to protect from sun |
|
|
|
inverted membrane roof
|
insulation over roofing with gravel covering
better protect membrane from weathering |
|
|
|
scupper
|
overflow drain
|
|
|
|
cant strip
|
triangular build up at roof perimeter to maintain positive drainage
|
|
|
|
roof projections
|
should install cant strip and flashing
|
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|
|
single ply roofing
|
fewer install problems
moves w/ building better |
|
|
|
modified bitumens
|
50 mils thick
seperator sheet btwn insulation and membrane cover w/ gravel for ballast and anchor |
|
|
|
thermoset plastic
|
permanently harden when subjected to heat
|
PVC
TPO hybrids |
|
|
thermoplastics
|
soften w/ heat and harden when cooled
|
EPDM
CSPE |
|
|
EPDM
|
ethylene propylene diene monomer
.045 to .060 in thick seal w/ adhesive tape install loose w/ gravel, mech. adhered, or protected system |
|
|
|
CPSE
|
chorosulfonated polyethylene
hypalon mostly replaced by PVC and TPO |
|
|
|
PVC roofing
|
polyvinyl choride roofing
.048-.072 in thick resistance to weathering easy to install, cheap heat weld seams install loose w/ gravel, mech. adhered, or protected system |
|
|
|
TPO
|
thermoplastic polyolefin
install loose w/ gravel, mech. adhered, or protected system low cost relative to EPDM |
|
|
|
heat island effect
|
unnatural buildup of heat around buildings
|
cool roof help minimize this effect
TPO and PVC roofs are white and reflect approximately 78% of radiant energy |
|
|
recycle roofing
|
PVC and TPO can be recycled
EPDM must be shredded and added to other material |
|
|
|
reinforced membrane
|
used in high wind, heavy foot traffic areas and where mech. fastened
|
|
|
|
liquid applied roofing
|
butyl,
neoprene hypalon |
brush or sprayed and air cured
good for complex shapes |
|
|
flashing
|
wherever water penetration is anticipated or different materials come together
|
|
|
|
sealant types
|
low,
ntermediate, high performance |
+/-5% movement
+/-12.5% +/-25% |
|
|
EIFS
|
exterior insulation and finish systems
wet applied cement over rigid insulation board attached to sheathing |
Class PB- polymer based
Class PM- polymer modified Class MB- mineral based (traditional) |
|
|
PB EIFS
|
polymer based
base coat direct to insulation board w/ high percent of polymer binder great flexibility |
|
|
|
PM EIFS
|
polymer modified
thicker base coat, more portland cement more control joints at 10ft/150sf min. better impact, thermal resist and water pen. resist than PB |
|
|
|
door components
|
door
frame hardware |
hinge jamb
strike jamb door handing- way door swings head sill/threshold door leaf |
|
|
reversible hardware
|
work in any handing
|
|
|
|
door swing direction
|
location of hinges in relation to door swinging away
reverse with door swing toward |
|
|
|
mtl door types
|
flush
sash louvered |
stl
stainless aluminum bronze |
|
|
hollow metal doors
|
cold rolled 14, 18 or 20 gauge stl
may be filled for thermal or sound characteristics |
|
|
|
mtl frame
|
bent sheet stl
12, 14 or 16 ga when 20 min or greater fire resist needed, stl almost always used |
stop
face soffit rabbet backbend |
|
|
stl frame styles
|
one-piece welded
knock down- seprate pieces slip on |
set prior to partition
can be set after must be welded |
|
|
alum frame
|
more complex shapes w/ thinner dims
|
|
|
|
wood doors
|
most common
hollow or solid core wood frame only if no fire considerations |
|
|
|
glass doors
|
strength from glass, no frame
1/2 or 3/4" tempered glass |
code:
not fire rated must have hardware for use if exit |
|
|
special doors
|
revolving- not counted for exit count
overhead coiling-fusible links for fire exitting sectional overhead- blast resistant sound retard hanger door folding doors |
special hardware than typical
|
|
|
hinge types
|
full mortise
half mortise full surface half surface |
both leaves fully mortised into frame and door edge
one leaf mounted on face of door and other mortised on the frame surface applied to the frame and mortised into edge of door applied to face of both the door and frame |
|
|
swing clear hinge
|
allows door to swing a full 90 degr
|
|
|
|
ball bearing hinges
|
req. for high use, fire rated and doors w/ closers
|
|
|
|
latchset
|
holds door in place w/ no lock
|
|
|
|
lockset
|
mechanism that allows door to lock
|
|
|
|
latch and lock types
|
mortise
preassembled bored interconnected |
install in rect door cutout
unit locks, slid into door notch cylinder locks, cheap-easy install, less options single action can operate dead bolt and cylinder lock |
|
|
backset
|
distance from door edge to center of door knob
standard 2 3/4 and 5" |
|
|
|
pivots
|
alt to hinge
offset or centered pinned to head and sill |
|
|
|
astragal
|
vertical members betw double dors to seal the opening, door stop or provide extra security
fixed or removable |
|
|
|
coordinator
|
device used w/ double doors that coordinates the closing of doors so that they close completely
|
|
|
|
flush bolt
|
used on inactive leaf of double door
not used for exit door |
|
|
|
electric lock
|
req use of elect hinges or other power xfer devices
|
|
|
|
electric latch
|
does not req power to be run to the door, all wiring is in the jamb
|
|
|
|
electric bolt
|
from jamb to door, not to be used on exit
|
|
|
|
hardware finishes
|
BHA finish descriptions
|
|
|
|
door code requirements
|
exiting
fire rating accessibility |
|
|
|
door fire rated requirement
|
if partition has rating, openings must too
entire assembly is reviewed ratings btwn 20min and 3hrs tested per NFPA 252 |
|
|
|
fire doors
|
panic hardware
self closing active latch bolt glass must be wire glass in mtl. frame stl hinges w/ ball bearings |
hardward mounted at a minimum 34in and a max. of 48in
|
|
|
door accessibility req.
|
32in min clearance
req. clearance in front and latch side of door min. 48" betw 2 doors open at 90d max. opening force is called out nadles and latches must be easy to use- levers or push-pull threshold change of 1/4"- up to 1/2" w/ bevel edge |
|
|
|
jalousie window
|
operable glass louver w/o mullions
|
|
|
|
mtl windows
|
alum is the most common
light weight, low cost, strength, corrosion resistance4 |
disadvan:
susceptible to galvanic action- pay attention to fasteners high heat conduction- themal breaks req. |
|
|
wood windows
|
complete units
metal on exterior face for maintanence |
usually glass is insulated
|
|
|
skylight
|
must be laminated or wire glass
mount on curbs should have condensate gutter and weep holes |
|
|
|
glass types
|
float
heat strengthened tempered laminated tinted low iron glass reflective insulating patterned wire spandrel low-e energy efficient electrochromic fire-rated |
|
|
|
float glass
|
typical, molten glass on a bed of tin
also known as annealed glass |
|
|
|
heat-strengthened glass
|
heat to 1100 and slowly cool
twice strenght of annealed glass |
|
|
|
tempered glass
|
heat 1150 and quickly cool
4x as strong as annealed considered safety glass |
|
|
|
laminated glass
|
inner lamination layer on two outer layers
can be bullet resistant good sound control |
|
|
|
tinted glass
|
add various colors to glass
reduce solar xmit can cause differential movement in glass |
|
|
|
shading coefficient
|
ratio of solar heat gain thorugh 1/8" clear glass under sim conditions
|
|
|
|
solar heat gain coefficient
|
ratio of the solar heat gain thorugh glazing or a window combared to that hitting the window
|
|
|
|
low-iron glass
|
green glass
good clarity, light xmit and color xmit |
|
|
|
reflective glass
|
thin mtl layer, giving exterior mirror finish
|
|
|
|
wire glass
|
not safety glass
|
|
|
|
spanderal glass
|
ceramic frit to the back of clear glass
|
|
|
|
low e glass
|
metal or metal oxide on face of glass
admit heat gain during day, but not allow escape at night glass can be more easily damaged |
|
|
|
electrochromic glazing
|
change from dark tint to white opaque to transparent w/ application of elect. current
some energy savings |
|
|
|
SPD glazing
|
suspended particle device
microscopic particles suspended in liquid btwn glass some energy savings |
|
|
|
polymer disperced liquid crystal
|
polymer film btwn 2 pieces of glass
change to an opaque white no energy savings |
|
|
|
fire glazing
|
clear ceramic
tempered fire protection layers of tempered w/ polymer gel glass block |
1 to 3 hr, safety when laminated
30 min max 30-60-90 depending on thickness must be specially tested |
|
|
glass installation
|
face putty
wood stop mtl frame and stop glazing gasket |
glaziers points and putty, mostly single pane systems
stops allow easy replacement gaskets- stiff neoprene all glass set on elastomeric material to prevent direct contact with frame |
|
|
face dimension
|
dimension to be filled from face of glass to stop or frame
|
|
|
|
bite
|
depth from edge of frame/stop to bottom of glass, contact w/ elastomeric material
|
|
|
|
frameless glazing
|
attached at top and bottom, w/ glass sheets attaced w/ silicon sealant
strength based on glass thickness |
|
|
|
code req. for glazing
|
glass size for wind load
limits in fir rated assemblies safely glazing locations |
|
|
|
fire protection rated glazing
|
1/4" thick wired glass in stl frame
|
limited to 1hr rated seperations
25% of the area |
|
|
fire resistant rated glazing
|
can be up to 1 1/2 hr rated
|
|
|
|
hazardous location
|
areas where glass can be impacted by humans
|
|
|
|
plaster
|
finish from cementitious products
|
plaster typ interior product
stucco is ext term use vermiculite for fire safe situations |
|
|
keene cement
|
plaster w/ high abrasion and water resistance
|
|
|
|
plaster application
|
metal lath attached to studs
first(scratch) coat, brown coat and finish coat scratch/brown at 1/4" finish at 1/8" |
gyp bd lath
one or two coat veneer plaster |
|
|
stucco exp joints
|
every 10ft min.
|
|
|
|
gyp board
|
drywall
5/8" for commercial 1/2" for residential |
|
|
|
type x gyp
|
fire rated partitions
|
|
|
|
foil backed gyp
|
w/ vapor barrier
|
|
|
|
water resistetn
|
use behind tile and in wet locations
|
|
|
|
mastic
|
adhesive used to attach sheet material to hard back surface
|
|
|
|
synthetic gyp
|
chemically identical to natural, coming from flue gas desulfurization
|
|
|
|
gyp recycle
|
hard to reuse old wall board
can be used as soil additive, soil conditioner |
|
|
|
gyp shaft enclosure
|
1" thick by 2ft. wide
|
|
|
|
gyp joint finish
|
embed paper or fiberglass tape in joint compound and allowed to dry
|
|
|
|
gyp framing
|
wood or mtl studs
16" o.c. typ., mtl can be 24" for non load bearing |
|
|
|
gyp board edging
|
LC bead
L bead U bead LK bead |
|
|
|
GRG
|
glass reinforced gypsum- infused w/ fiberglass
used for column covers, ceiling, trims, moulding prefab shapes |
AKA FRG, GFRG
|
|
|
tile
|
small flat finishing units made of clay
|
ceramic-thin compared to face size
quarry- natural clay or slate ceramic mosaic- dust pressed extrusion |
|
|
dust pressing
|
extrusion out of dry clay
|
|
|
|
tile water resistence
|
nonvitreous tile
semivitreous tile vitreous tile impervious tile |
water absorv +7%
absorv 3.0-7% absorb .5-3% less than .5% |
|
|
tile abrasion resistence
|
group I- light residential
group II- moderate residentail group III- max. residential group IV- highest |
|
|
|
tile install
|
full mortar
thinset mortar |
seperate by membrane, where excessive deflection is expected
cement panel over subfloor w/ thin layer of latex portland cement or grout. must be level or cracks will form |
|
|
terrazzo
|
marble , quartz, granite or other suitable chip in matrix that is cementious, chemical or both
|
|
|
|
terrazzo types
|
standard
venetian palldiana rustic |
small chips, 3/8" or smaller
+3/8" random factured marble slabs w/ stand. terrazzo between matrix depressed to expose chips |
|
|
terrazzo install
|
seperate w/ sand where movement anticipated
finish with grinder |
|
|
|
acoustic finishes
|
ceiling
wall panels carpeting |
|
|
|
wood flooring
|
strip
plank block solid block |
3/8-3/4" w/ tounge and groove, 2 1/4" wide
same thick, but wider up to 8" strip flooring arranged in patterns made from solid end-grain blocks w/ adhesive, used in heavy duty applications |
|
|
parquet flooring
|
easier and less expensive to install
|
|
|
|
wood floor grades
|
oak typ, plain sawn
no. 1 common no. 2 common clear- best grade, most uniform |
|
|
|
wood species
|
maple
oak birch beech |
non-standard:
bamboo- fast growing grass palm wood- coconut palms |
|
|
wood floor install
|
subbase over concrete, poly membrane if water is a concern
on sleepers for more comfortable floor use felt between flooring and plyw at joist install |
|
|
|
laminate floor
|
printed sheet attached to fiberboard core
not recommended for wet areas |
|
|
|
resilient floor
|
vinyl
vinyl composistion tile (VCT) rubber linoleum cork |
|
|
|
seamless flooring
|
high performance flooring for industrial use
|
|
|
|
carpet types
|
wool
nylon acrylic polyester polypropylene (olefin) |
|
|
|
tufting
|
pile yarns through prewoven backing
|
|
|
|
fusion bonding
|
embeds fabric in a synthetic backing
|
|
|
|
pitch of carpet
|
warp lines of yarn per 27 in width
|
|
|
|
stitch of carpet
|
number of tufts in 1 in.
|
|
|
|
padding
|
sponge rubber
felt- animal or synthetic urethane foam rubber |
|
|
|
Carpet flammability
|
ASTM D-2859
all carpet must meet pill test |
|
|
|
paint
|
vehicle- liquid
pigment- color water and solvent based |
vehicle has binder and solvent
|
|
|
binder
|
film of the coating
|
|
|
|
solvent
|
dissolves the binder to allow application
|
|
|
|
water based paints
|
latex
acrylic lattex epoxy-high performance urethane- HP polyurethane- HP w/ high sheen |
|
|
|
hydraulic elevator
|
lifted by plunger operated with oil as pressure fluid
2-6 st. limit 25 to 150 fpm single ram can handle 2000-20000lbs |
|
|
|
elect elevator
|
higher lifts, greater speeds
250-1800 fpm standard 2000-5000lb |
|
|
|
gearless traction elev
|
high speed elevators, dependable, easy to maintain
|
|
|
|
geared traction elev
|
slower speeds, greater flexibility
|
|
|
|
roping
|
arrangement of cables for an elev.
higher speed requires additional wrapping of cable, and shorter cable life |
|
|
|
elev control
|
coordination and operating of all aspects of elev service
|
single automatic- only user in cab in control
slective collective- remembers and answers calls in order group automatic- computer responds in most efficient manner |
|
|
elevator design
|
capacity, speed and number
|
|
|
|
interval
|
average witing time for an elevator
|
30-35 sec. for office building
40-70 for hotel or apt |
|
|
number of elevators needed
|
# of people in 5-minute peak/ handling capacity of one car
check to see if interval is acceptable |
min. two should be designed
|
|
|
elevator components
|
motor
sheave brake controller board speed governor |
|
|
|
freight elevator types
|
A
B C1 C2 C3 |
general
motor vehicle loading industiral truck loading not truck incl concentrated loading w/ truck not incl |
|
|
stair min width
|
36" or 44" w/ greater than 50 users
48" for evacuation assist handrails may project in 4.5" |
|
|
|
handrail extenstion
|
upper landing, 12"
landing, tread + 12" |
|
|
|
winder stair
|
6" min.
11" req. at 12" from narrow |
|
|
|
circular stair
|
min. 10"
11" at 12" from narrow |
|
|
|
spiral stair
|
26" min width
7.5" at 12" from narrow min. 6'-6" head riser not greater than 9.5" |
|
|
|
tread
|
wider is better
|
|
|
|
landings
|
max vertical is 12ft
|
|
|
|
nosing
|
non-slip where necessary, though not so much to cause problem decending
in same plane max 1/2" rounded edge |
|
|
|
lowest cost initial cost?
baked enamel laminated plastic stainless steel porcelain enamel |
baked enamel
|
|
|
|
which is NOT radon resistent construction?
automatic vent damper devised sub slab depressurization drain tile loop soil-gas retarders |
automatic vent damper devises
|
|
|
|
elevator type
|
not determined by total occupants (affects number of elevators needed)
|
|
|
|
locate weep above flashing
|
true
|
|
