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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what are the amino acids required for the golgi apparatus? (3)
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serine, threonine, and asparagine
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Explain the regulation of G1-->S in the cell cycle. make sure to mention the cyclins and CDKs
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cyclin D binds/activates CDK4 --> phosphorylation of Rb protein --> Rb protein is released from transcription factor E2F --> with E2F unbound, the cell is free to transcribe/synthesize components needed for progression through S phase
Cyclin E binds/activate CDK2 --> the cell is allowed to progress into the S phase |
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what protein is involved in transporting an endocytosed vesicle from the plasma membrane to the endosome?
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clathrin
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what molecule targets proteins in the ER for lysosomes?
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mannose-6-phosphate
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how do ciliated cells coordinate their actions?
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gap junctions
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what drugs act on microtubules?
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griseofulvin (antifungal)
mebendazole/thiabendazole (antihelminthic) vincristine/vinblastine (anti-cancer) paclitaxel (anti-breast CA) colchicine (anti-gout) |
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which immunodeficiency is a defect in microtubule polymerization. what does it result in?
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chediak-higashi syndrome
results in decreased phagocytosis (recurrent pyogenic infxns, partial albinism, peripheral neuropathy) |
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what specific component of hte cell membrane phospholipid bilayer is especially important in generating products of arachidonic acid?
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phosphatidylinositol
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what enzyme is inhibited by zileuton?
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lipoxygenase (inhibits the formation of leukotrienes)
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what do leukotrienes do?
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neutrophil chemotaxis (LTB4) and bronchoconstriction (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4)
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what inhibits leukotrienes at the receptor level?
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zafirlukast, montelukast
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draw out the arachidonic acid pathway
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check in workbook bioc p. 3
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RAS activating protein is only activated by _____ receptors
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tyrosine kinase
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ehler danlos is caused by faulty _______ synthesis
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collagen (type 3, to be exact)
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osteogenesis imperfecta is defect of ______ collagen.
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type 1 collagen; bone MATRIX FORMATION is impaired in these pts
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what is the most abundant AA in collagen molecule?
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glycine
collagen alpha chains (aka. preprocollagen) usually consists of Gly-X-Y polypeptide (X and Y being proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine) |
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what are the big picture steps in collagen synthesis? (four steps inside fibroblasts and 2 steps outside)
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inside fibroblasts:
1. synthesis of collagen alpha chains (preprocollagen) in the RER 2. hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues (requires vit C) 3. glycoslyation of pro-alpha chain lysine residues --> forming procollagen (which is a triple helix of 3 collagen alpha chains) 4. exocytosis of procollagen into extracellular space outside fibroblasts: 5. proteolytic processing by cleaving terminal regions, transforming it into insoluble tropocollagen 6. cross-linking lysine-hydroxylysine together to make collagen fibrils |
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when it comes to apoptosis, the intrinsic pathway is caused by changes in teh levels of anti- and pro-apoptotic factors lead to increased mitochondrial permeability and release of _______.
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cytochrome c
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_______ executes apoptosis
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caspases
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Bcl-2 and Bcl-x prevent/lead to apoptosis.
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prevent
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What are Bak, Bax, and Bim?
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pro-apoptotic factors
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what does cytochrome C do?
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binds cytosolic Apaf-1 (apotosis activating factor-1) --> this complex activates caspase-9
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how does the extrinsic pathway work?
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occurs w/ ligand-receptor intererations (eg. Fas ligand binding to Fas (CD 95)) or Killer t cell releasing perforin and granzyme B -- both lead to activation of caspase that mediate cellular breakdown
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name the necrosis type a/w:
1) coagulative necrosis 2) liquefactive 3) fat 4) fibrinoid |
1) heart,liver, kidney
2) brain 3) pancreas 4) blood vessels (eg. vasculitis) |
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what two vitamins should you supplement to aid in wound healing?
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vitamin c (for proper collagen synthesis)
zinc (for metalloproteinases that are enzymes involved in remodeling of ECM) |
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which arachidonic acid product causes the following effect?
increased bronchial tone |
leukotriene
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which arachidonic acid product causes the following effect?
decreased bronchial tone |
prostacyclins, prostaglandin
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which arachidonic acid product causes the following effect?
increased platelet aggregration |
thromboxane
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which arachidonic acid product causes the following effect?
decreased platelet aggregation |
PGI2
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which arachidonic acid product causes the following effect?
increased uterine tone |
PGE2
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which arachidonic acid product causes the following effect?
decreased uterine tone |
PGI2
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which arachidonic acid product causes the following effect?
incrased vascular tone |
thromboxane
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which arachidonic acid product causes the following effect?
decrased vascular tone |
PGI2/PGE2
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2 most abundant substances in plasma membranes
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phospholipids, cholesterol
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what provides the structural framework for DNA and nuclear envelope
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nuclear lamins A, B, C
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describe the process of leukocyte extravasation
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leukocyte rolling (via E-selectin on endothelium and P-selectin on platelets), binding to ICAM-1, diapedesis (via PECAM), and being attracted by chemokines (IL-8, C5a, LTB4)
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how are molecules transported into the nucleus?
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nuclear localization signals (lysine, arginine, proline)
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what histologic features are seen in apoptotic cells?
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cell shrinkage, nuclear blebbing, formation of apoptotic bodies
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describe the process of leukocyte extravasation
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leukocyte rolling, binding to ICAM-1, diapedesis (via PECAM), and being attracted by chemokines (IL-8, C5a, LTB4)
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how are molecules transported into the nucleus?
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nuclear localization signals (lysine, arginine, proline)
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what histologic features are seen in apoptotic cells?
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cell shrinkage, nuclear blebbing, formation of apoptotic bodies
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describe the process of leukocyte extravasation
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leukocyte rolling, binding to ICAM-1, diapedesis (via PECAM), and being attracted by chemokines (IL-8, C5a, LTB4)
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how are molecules transported into the nucleus?
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nuclear localization signals (lysine, arginine, proline)
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what histologic features are seen in apoptotic cells?
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cell shrinkage, nuclear blebbing, formation of apoptotic bodies
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