Day 11B

Front 1

what are the amino acids required for the golgi apparatus? (3)

Back 1

serine, threonine, and asparagine

Front 2

Explain the regulation of G1-->S in the cell cycle. make sure to mention the cyclins and CDKs

Back 2

cyclin D binds/activates CDK4 --> phosphorylation of Rb protein --> Rb protein is released from transcription factor E2F --> with E2F unbound, the cell is free to transcribe/synthesize components needed for progression through S phase

Cyclin E binds/activate CDK2 --> the cell is allowed to progress into the S phase

Front 3

what protein is involved in transporting an endocytosed vesicle from the plasma membrane to the endosome?

Back 3

clathrin

Front 4

what molecule targets proteins in the ER for lysosomes?

Back 4

mannose-6-phosphate

Front 5

how do ciliated cells coordinate their actions?

Back 5

gap junctions

Front 6

what drugs act on microtubules?

Back 6

griseofulvin (antifungal)
mebendazole/thiabendazole (antihelminthic)
vincristine/vinblastine (anti-cancer)
paclitaxel (anti-breast CA)
colchicine (anti-gout)

Front 7

which immunodeficiency is a defect in microtubule polymerization. what does it result in?

Back 7

chediak-higashi syndrome

results in decreased phagocytosis (recurrent pyogenic infxns, partial albinism, peripheral neuropathy)

Front 8

what specific component of hte cell membrane phospholipid bilayer is especially important in generating products of arachidonic acid?

Back 8

phosphatidylinositol

Front 9

what enzyme is inhibited by zileuton?

Back 9

lipoxygenase (inhibits the formation of leukotrienes)

Front 10

what do leukotrienes do?

Back 10

neutrophil chemotaxis (LTB4) and bronchoconstriction (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4)

Front 11

what inhibits leukotrienes at the receptor level?

Back 11

zafirlukast, montelukast

Front 12

draw out the arachidonic acid pathway

Back 12

check in workbook bioc p. 3

Front 13

RAS activating protein is only activated by _____ receptors

Back 13

tyrosine kinase

Front 14

ehler danlos is caused by faulty _______ synthesis

Back 14

collagen (type 3, to be exact)

Front 15

osteogenesis imperfecta is defect of ______ collagen.

Back 15

type 1 collagen; bone MATRIX FORMATION is impaired in these pts

Front 16

what is the most abundant AA in collagen molecule?

Back 16

glycine

collagen alpha chains (aka. preprocollagen) usually consists of Gly-X-Y polypeptide (X and Y being proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine)

Front 17

what are the big picture steps in collagen synthesis? (four steps inside fibroblasts and 2 steps outside)

Back 17

inside fibroblasts:
1. synthesis of collagen alpha chains (preprocollagen) in the RER
2. hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues (requires vit C)
3. glycoslyation of pro-alpha chain lysine residues --> forming procollagen (which is a triple helix of 3 collagen alpha chains)
4. exocytosis of procollagen into extracellular space

outside fibroblasts:
5. proteolytic processing by cleaving terminal regions, transforming it into insoluble tropocollagen
6. cross-linking lysine-hydroxylysine together to make collagen fibrils

Front 18

when it comes to apoptosis, the intrinsic pathway is caused by changes in teh levels of anti- and pro-apoptotic factors lead to increased mitochondrial permeability and release of _______.

Back 18

cytochrome c

Front 19

_______ executes apoptosis

Back 19

caspases

Front 20

Bcl-2 and Bcl-x prevent/lead to apoptosis.

Back 20

prevent

Front 21

What are Bak, Bax, and Bim?

Back 21

pro-apoptotic factors

Front 22

what does cytochrome C do?

Back 22

binds cytosolic Apaf-1 (apotosis activating factor-1) --> this complex activates caspase-9

Front 23

how does the extrinsic pathway work?

Back 23

occurs w/ ligand-receptor intererations (eg. Fas ligand binding to Fas (CD 95)) or Killer t cell releasing perforin and granzyme B -- both lead to activation of caspase that mediate cellular breakdown

Front 24

name the necrosis type a/w:

1) coagulative necrosis
2) liquefactive
3) fat
4) fibrinoid

Back 24

1) heart,liver, kidney
2) brain
3) pancreas
4) blood vessels (eg. vasculitis)

Front 25

what two vitamins should you supplement to aid in wound healing?

Back 25

vitamin c (for proper collagen synthesis)

zinc (for metalloproteinases that are enzymes involved in remodeling of ECM)

Front 26

which arachidonic acid product causes the following effect?

increased bronchial tone

Back 26

leukotriene

Front 27

which arachidonic acid product causes the following effect?

decreased bronchial tone

Back 27

prostacyclins, prostaglandin

Front 28

which arachidonic acid product causes the following effect?

increased platelet aggregration

Back 28

thromboxane

Front 29

which arachidonic acid product causes the following effect?

decreased platelet aggregation

Back 29

PGI2

Front 30

which arachidonic acid product causes the following effect?

increased uterine tone

Back 30

PGE2

Front 31

which arachidonic acid product causes the following effect?

decreased uterine tone

Back 31

PGI2

Front 32

which arachidonic acid product causes the following effect?

incrased vascular tone

Back 32

thromboxane

Front 33

which arachidonic acid product causes the following effect?

decrased vascular tone

Back 33

PGI2/PGE2

Front 34

2 most abundant substances in plasma membranes

Back 34

phospholipids, cholesterol

Front 35

what provides the structural framework for DNA and nuclear envelope

Back 35

nuclear lamins A, B, C

Front 36

describe the process of leukocyte extravasation

Back 36

leukocyte rolling (via E-selectin on endothelium and P-selectin on platelets), binding to ICAM-1, diapedesis (via PECAM), and being attracted by chemokines (IL-8, C5a, LTB4)

Front 37

how are molecules transported into the nucleus?

Back 37

nuclear localization signals (lysine, arginine, proline)

Front 38

what histologic features are seen in apoptotic cells?

Back 38

cell shrinkage, nuclear blebbing, formation of apoptotic bodies

Front 39

describe the process of leukocyte extravasation

Back 39

leukocyte rolling, binding to ICAM-1, diapedesis (via PECAM), and being attracted by chemokines (IL-8, C5a, LTB4)

Front 40

how are molecules transported into the nucleus?

Back 40

nuclear localization signals (lysine, arginine, proline)

Front 41

what histologic features are seen in apoptotic cells?

Back 41

cell shrinkage, nuclear blebbing, formation of apoptotic bodies

Front 42

describe the process of leukocyte extravasation

Back 42

leukocyte rolling, binding to ICAM-1, diapedesis (via PECAM), and being attracted by chemokines (IL-8, C5a, LTB4)

Front 43

how are molecules transported into the nucleus?

Back 43

nuclear localization signals (lysine, arginine, proline)

Front 44

what histologic features are seen in apoptotic cells?

Back 44

cell shrinkage, nuclear blebbing, formation of apoptotic bodies