Datoat - Biology Part 2

Front 1

When is sugar first digested in the human body?

Back 1

mouth (amylase digests starch into maltose, a disaccharide)

Front 2

What are the sections of the small intestine (in order)?

Back 2

duodenum, jujunum, ileum (mnemonic: Dow Jones Industrial average)

Front 3

This flap of skin directs food to the esophagus and air to the trachea

Back 3

epiglottis

Front 4

Food is converted to this after digestion in the mouth

Back 4

bolus

Front 5

This describes the process in which the food moves down the esophagus

Back 5

peristalsis (smooth muscle contraction)

Front 6

This sphincter separates the esophagus and stomach

Back 6

cardiac sphincter

Front 7

HCl is produced in the stomach by what?

Back 7

gastric glands

Front 8

Pepsinogen is activated under what conditions?

Back 8

acidic conditions (HCl in the stomach)

Front 9

This sphincter lies between the stomach and small intestine

Back 9

pyloric sphincter

Front 10

Where is protein first digested in the human body?

Back 10

Stomach (via pepsin)

Front 11

Food in the stomach is turned from bolus into what?

Back 11

chyme (broken down food + acid)

Front 12

Where is the major site of chemical digestion in the human body?

Back 12

Small intestine (duodenum)

Front 13

Where is the major site of absorption in the human digestive system?

Back 13

small intestine (jejunum, ileum)

Front 14

The epiglottis is located where?

Back 14

within the pharynx

Front 15

What is the function of cilia in the small intestine?

Back 15

increase surface area for absoprtion

Front 16

What is the main purpose of the large intestine?

Back 16

water and salt reabsorption

Front 17

What are the sections of the large intestine (in order)?

Back 17

cecum, colon, rectum

Front 18

What does E. coli do in the large intestine?

Back 18

produces vitamin K as a byproduct, protects us against foreign invaders

Front 19

Where is the appendix and what is its function?

Back 19

large intestine (specifically, cecum). Function - vestigial organ, now functions as a reservoir for bacteria

Front 20

What is the function of the colon?

Back 20

Main site of water and salt reabsorption

Front 21

What is the function of the rectum?

Back 21

storage unit for the feces until elimination via the anus

Front 22

What is the function of the liver?

Back 22

detoxification, urea formation, bile salt production, converts glucose to glycogen and glycogen to glucose

Front 23

Where is bile produced and stored?

Back 23

produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder

Front 24

Where is bile released from the gall bladder?

Back 24

Into the duodenum via the bile duct

Front 25

What is the function of bile salts?

Back 25

emulsify/breakdown fats

Front 26

What is the main function of the pancreas? What hormones does it produce?

Back 26

regulate blood glucose concentration via insulin and glucagon

Front 27

If the body's pancreatic beta-cells were destroyed, how would the body be affected?

Back 27

inability to produce insulin, high blood glucose (aka diabetes type 1)

Front 28

Where is glucagon produced? What does it do?

Back 28

Pancreas (alpha-cells). It raises blood glucose

Front 29

Why does the pancreas secrete bicarbonate ions into the duodenum?

Back 29

to neutralize the acidicity of chyme

Front 30

What is the pH of human blood?

Back 30

~7.4

Front 31

What is the human internal body temperature?

Back 31

37C

Front 32

What is serum?

Back 32

Plasma without the clotting factors

Front 33

Describe red blood cells.

Back 33

forms in the bone marrow, no organelles or nucleus, has hemoglobin to bind oxygen

Front 34

What blood types are the universal donor/acceptor?

Back 34

donor: O-, acceptor: AB+

Front 35

A mom (Rh-) gives birth to a child (Rh+). Is the child in danger?

Back 35

No, but the mom now has antibodies against the Rh+ antigen

Front 36

A mom (Rh-) gives birth to two children, months apart. They are both Rh+. Are the children in danger?

Back 36

The first one is safe, but the second one is. The mom's antibodies will attack the Rh+ antigen.

Front 37

What is the treatment for the Rh problem during childbirth?

Back 37

Suppressing the mom's immune response long enough to give childbirth

Front 38

Define arteries and veins.

Back 38

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood towards the heart.

Front 39

Describe the pathway of blood.

Back 39

1. RA to RV (tricuspid AV valve)

2. RV to lungs (semilunar valve + pulmonary artery

3. lungs to LA (pulmonary vein)

4. LA to LV (mitral/bicuspid AV valve)

5. LV to body (aortic valve + aorta)

6. body to RA (superior and inferior vena cavae)

Front 40

Rank in order of size: arteries, capillaries, arterioles

Back 40

Biggest to smallest: arteries, arterioles, capillaries.

For veins: veins, venules, capillaries

Front 41

What is the pathway of the cardiac cycle?

Back 41

SA Node > AV Node > Bundle of His > Purkinje fibers

Front 42

What and where is the heart's "natural pacemaker?"

Back 42

the SA Node, located at the right atrium

Front 43

What does systole and diastole refer to?

Back 43

systole - ventricle contract, diastole - ventricle relax.

Front 44

What is the pathway of the respiratory system?

Back 44

pharnyx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > alveoli (mnemonic: Please Leave The Breathing Alone)

Front 45

Which lung is bigger and why?

Back 45

Right lung has 3 lobes, left has 2 since room is needed for the heart

Front 46

What term describes the volume of air displaced during breathing at rest?

Back 46

tidal volume

Front 47

What terms describes the max volume of air you can inhale or exhale?

Back 47

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) and expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Front 48

How do you calculate total lung capacity?

Back 48

Tidal Volume + IRV + ERV + residual volume

Front 49

Define osteoblast and osteoclast.

Back 49

osteoblast: cells that build bone. osteoclast: cells that break down bone

Front 50

Define tendons and ligaments.

Back 50

tendons: connect bone to muscle, ligaments: connect bone to bone

Front 51

What two things are required for a sarcomere to contract?

Back 51

Ca2+ and ATP

Front 52

Which muscle(s) are striated?

Back 52

skeletal and cardiac

Front 53

What muscle types are there?

Back 53

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Front 54

What is the anatomy of a basic neuron cell and its functions?

Back 54

Dendrites - receive signals. Cell body (soma) - nucleus, organelles, NT synthesis. Axon - transmits signal away from cell body to other cells

Front 55

What is the purpose of myelin? What cells produce myelin?

Back 55

purpose: insulate neurons to speed up action potential.

CNS: produced by oligodendrocytes. PNS: produced by Schwann cells

Front 56

What are the gaps between the myelin sheath called? What is the whole process called?

Back 56

nodes of Ranvier.

Saltatory Conduction

Front 57

The gap between an axon and the next dendrite is referred to as a?

Back 57

synapse

Front 58

neurotransmitter release is usually dependent on these type of channels

Back 58

Ca2+ voltage-gated channels

Front 59

What is the cell's resting potential? How is it maintained?

Back 59

-70mV. Sodium-Potassium Pump (3Na+ out, 2K+ in)

Front 60

When is threshold? What happens after?

Back 60

-50mV. Rapid depolarization occurs afterwards, activating Na+ voltage-gated channels (Na+ influx). This triggers release of NT. At its peak, +35mV

Front 61

What causes hyperpolarization? What is special about this period?

Back 61

Caused by the delayed closing of potassium channels. During the refractory period, no action potentials can be triggered

Front 62

Briefly describe the sympathetic and parasympathetic system. Is this part of the CNS or PNS?

Back 62

sympathetic - fight or flight response. parasympathetic - rest and digest. PNS

Front 63

What hormone(s) are produced at the hypothalamus?

Back 63

ADH and oxytocin

Front 64

What hormone(s) are produced at the posterior pituitary?

Back 64

None. It only stores the ADH and oxytocin produced by the hypothalamus

Front 65

What hormone(s) are produced at the anterior pituitary?

Back 65

Mnemonic: FLAT PEG

FSH, LSH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, Growth Hormone

Front 66

What hormone(s) are required for breastfeeding?

Back 66

prolactin and oxytocin. prolactin stimulates milk production, while oxytocin is responsible for lactation

Front 67

What are tropic hormones? Which hormones of the anterior pituitary are tropic?

Back 67

tropic hormones: hormones that regulate other endocrine glands.

anterior pituitary: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

Front 68

What hormone stimulates the thyroid gland and where is it produced?

Back 68

TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is produced at the anterior pituitary

Front 69

What is the function of TSH?

Back 69

stimulates the thyroid gland to absorb iodine, produce thyroid hormones

Front 70

What hormone(s) regulate blood calcium? Where are they produced?

Back 70

calcitonin (thyroid) lowers blood calcium. PTH (parathyroid) raises blood calcium

Front 71

What hormones are responsible mainly for pain inhibition? Where are they produced?

Back 71

endorphins @ anterior pituitary

Front 72

What hormone is mainly responsible for growth and where is this hormone produced?

Back 72

Growth Hormone @ anterior pituitary

Front 73

What is the function of FSH?

Back 73

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) stimulates the follicles [really, Aries? That's obvious].

Females: maturation of ovarian follicles. Males: spermatogenesis

Front 74

What hormone stimulates the testes to produce testosterone?

Back 74

LH

Front 75

What hormone stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum?

Back 75

LH

Front 76

What hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids?

Back 76

ACTH

Front 77

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

Back 77

regulate metabolic rate. Releases T4 (throxine), which is converted to T3 (triiodothyronine) at the active site. Controls iodine levels

Front 78

What is the general function of glucocorticoids? Name one example.

Back 78

raises blood glucose, decrease protein synthesis, reduce inflammation (e.g. cortisol)

Front 79

What is the general function of mineralocorticoids?

Back 79

controls salt and water levels to regulate blood volume/pressure, pH

Front 80

What is the function of the adrenal medulla?

Back 80

Production of epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Front 81

What hormones are produced by the ovaries?

Back 81

estrogen and progesterone

Front 82

What hormone(s) are responsible for the formation and maintenance of the endometrium?

Back 82

estrogen - formation. progesterone - maintenance

Front 83

A person with blood type O will recognize which antigens?

Back 83

None. O blood types have no antigens, so the immune cells will attack every blood type except O itself.

Front 84

What are the components of the CNS and PNS?

Back 84

CNS - brain and spinal cord. PNS - everything else

Front 85

Which part of the nephron does ADH affect?

Back 85

ADH changes the permeability of the collecting duct to regulate water reabsorption

Front 86

What happens at the descending loope of Henle?

Back 86

Water reabsorption

Front 87

What happens at the ascending loop of Henle?

Back 87

reabsorption of salts

Front 88

What is the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

Back 88

In response to low blood pressure >

liver releases angiotensinogen >

converted to angiotensin I (via renin) >

converted to angiotensin II (via ACE) >

converted to aldosterone (via adrenal cortex) >

increased Na+ reabsorption, increased water uptake via osmosis

Front 89

What are the two main hormones that regulate water reabsorption in the urinary system?

Back 89

Aldosterone and ADH

Front 90

How does the skin protect us?

Back 90

Physical barrier. Acid surface. Bacteria protects against invaders. Mucus traps pathogens.

Front 91

What is the pathway of sperm cells?

Back 91

mnemonic: SEVEn UP

Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis

Front 92

Where is the site of sperm storage and maturation?

Back 92

epididymis

Front 93

What glands contribute to the production of semen?

Back 93

seminal vesicles, prostate gland (secrete alkaline fluid), bulbourethral glands

Front 94

What are the four phases of the cell cycle? In what step is DNA replicated?

Back 94

G1, S (DNA replication), G2, M.

The first three phases are referred to as interphase.

Front 95

sister chromatids are joined together by what?

Back 95

centromere

Front 96

Where does the spindle fibers attach to to pull apart sister chromatids during mitosis?

Back 96

kinetochores on the centromere

Front 97

What are the stages of mitosis?

Back 97

PMAT.

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, (cytokinesis)

Front 98

When does crossing over occur?

Back 98

Propose I of meiosis

Front 99

The point at which crossing over occurs is...

Back 99

chiasmata

Front 100

What is the anatomy of sperm (and its functions)?

Back 100

head - genetic material.

midpiece - generates energy.

tail - motility.

Front 101

Why is it that maternal lineage can be directed traced?

Back 101

mitochondria have their own DNA. Because a person's organelles come from the mom (dad only donates DNA), this mito-DNA can be traced.

Front 102

Fertilization takes place specifically where?

Back 102

in the fallopian tube (oviduct)

Front 103

After a zygote undergoes successive cleavage, it eventually forms into a ball with a hollow, liquid cavity. This is called a...

Back 103

blastula. (cavity is referred to as blastocoel)

Front 104

After a zygote undergoes successive cleavage, it eventually forms into a solid ball of cells. This is called a...

Back 104

morula

Front 105

After a zygote undergoes successive cleavage, it eventually forms into three distinct germ layers. This is called a...

Back 105

gastrula

Front 106

In a gastrula, what is the opening called? What does this opening eventually become?

Back 106

blastopore. in protostomes, this becomes the mouth. in deuterostomes, this becomes the anus.

Front 107

In diploid organisms, we have....

Back 107

two copies of every chromosome (homologous chromosomes)

Front 108

When two homologous chromosomes pair up, this is referred to as a...

Back 108

tetrad

Front 109

What is the law of segregation?

Back 109

only one member of each chromosome pair migrates to the opposite polar. For example, with 2 copies of XX, each daughter cell only gets 1 copy. One daughter cell won't get 2 copies, except in nondisjunction

Front 110

What is the law of independent assortment?

Back 110

migration of one pair of chromosomes do not affect the migration of other chromosomes

Front 111

What are linked genes?

Back 111

2+ genes that are inherited together because they are physically connected on the same chromosome

Front 112

What is X-inactivation?

Back 112

Females have two copies of X. during development, only 1 X is activate. The other X is not expressed and is referred to as a Barr Body.

Front 113

What is a vaccine?

Back 113

Usually created from a weakened version of a pathogen to develop antibodies in the host.

Front 114

The series of mitotic divisions that occur following fertilization is called:

Back 114

cleavage

Front 115

The specific location of a gene on a chromosome is called the ...

Back 115

locus

Front 116

A karyotype is a visual representation in which chromosomes are viewed. At which stage are the chromosomes examined and why?

Back 116

metaphase, since the chromosomes are most condensed at this stage

Front 117

The space inside a tube is referred to as the...

Back 117

lumen

Front 118

Which embryonic germ layer will develop teeth?

Back 118

ectoderm

Front 119

A protein of 330 amino acids is comprised of how many DNA nucleotides?

Back 119

990. 3 nucleotides = 1 codon = codes for 1 AA

Front 120

The initiation of a heart rate is controlled by the...

Back 120

SA Node

Front 121

The inferior vena cava carries blood from the body to which part of the heart?

Back 121

Right Atrium

Front 122

Which part of the heart is the largest and why?

Back 122

The left ventricle because it pumps blood to the entire body via the aorta. The right ventricle for comparison, only has to pump blood to the lungs.