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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which of the following distributions has a mean of 50and a standard deviation of 10? a. t scoresb. z scoresc. SAT scores d. Scores on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(WAIS) |
A. T scores |
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Which of the following is NOT a measure ofeffect size?a. Cohen’s db. η2c. r2d. Cohen’s G |
D. Cohen's G |
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Which of the following best describes the externalvalidity of a study?a. The degree to which a test measures what itpurports to measureb. The extent to which the independent variablecauses the dependent variable in a studyc. The degree to which a measure consistentlymeasures the same conceptd. The extent to which the results of a study canbe generalized to the population |
D. The extent to which the results of the study can be generalized to the population |
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In which of the following distributions are themeasures of central tendency, from lowest to highest, mean, median, and mode?a. Positively skewedb. Negatively skewedc. Normal distributiond. Can’t be determined |
B. Negatively skewed |
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Which type of reliability should NOT be used forspeed tests?a. Test-retest reliabilityb. Inter-rater reliabilityc. Internal consistency reliabilityd. Parallel test reliability |
C. Internal Consistency Reliability |
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The reason for using ANOVA, instead of multiple t tests,is toa. Reduce Type I errorsb. Reduce Type II errorsc. Increase powerd. Increase variance explained by the independentvariable |
A. Reduce type 1 errors |
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Meta-analysis is mostly concerned witha. Powerb. Statistical significancec. Effect sized. Sample size |
C. Effect Size |
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Which of the following best describes the relationshipbetween the reliability and validity of a measure?a. High reliability implies high validityb. In order to have good validity, you need to havegood reliabilityc. If you know the reliability of a measure, youcan calculate the validityd. There is no obvious relationship between reliabilityand validity |
B. In order to have good validity, you need to have good reliability |
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Which of the following is incorrect about itemanalysis?a. Item difficulty is the percentage ofparticipants who correctly answered the itemb. Item discrimination measures the correlationbetween whether an item is answered correctly and the participant’s total scorec. The higher the item difficulty score, the moredifficult the itemd. Items with a high item discrimination valueshould be kept because they correctly identify participants’ levels ofunderstanding of the subject matter |
C. The higher the item difficulty score, the more difficult the item |
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A researcher is investigating the relationship betweenpersonality and birth order. A sample of college students is classified intofour birth-order categories (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and4th or later) and classified as being either extroverted orintroverted. Which of the following statistical procedures should be used toanalyze the data?a. Chi-squareb. Repeated-measures ANOVAc. Independent-samples t testd. Multiple regression |
A. Chi-square |
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What is stated by the null hypothesis for the chi-squaretest for independence? a. There is a relationship between the twovariablesb. There is no relationship between the twovariablesc. Both variables have the same frequencydistributiond. The two variables have different frequencydistributions |
B There is no relationship between the two variables |
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The purpose of implementing a Latin Squares design is toa. Ensure group equivalenceb. Control for order/timeeffectsc. Reduce Type I errorsIncrease power |
B. Control for order/time effects |
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Which of the following is incorrect about factoranalysis?a. Factor analysis can be used to establish the constructvalidity of a measureb. Factor analysis is considered a type ofcorrelational analysisc. Confirmatory factor analysis is used to find thelatent variables that explain the relationships among observed variables d. Factor analysis can be used to assess thereliability of a measure |
D. Factor analysis can be used to assess the reliability of a measure |
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What does the 95% confidence interval mean?a. One can be 95% confidentthat the population mean falls within the intervalb. At least 95% of the scores from the sample fallwithin the intervalc. One can be 95% confident that the sample mean fallswithin the intervald. One can be 95% confident that all scores fromthe sample fall within the interval |
A. One can be 95% confident that the population mean falls within the interval |
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Which threat to internal validity is unavoidable in anonline survey study?a. Statistical regressionb. Maturationc. Self selectiond. Mortality |
C. Self selection |
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Which of the following multiple regression designs ismost exploratory? Which one gives you the most freedom to test your theory?a. Stepwise; hierarchicalb. Stepwise; simultaneousc. Forward; hierarchicald. Forward; simultaneous |
a. Step-wise; hierarchical |
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For a population with a standard deviation of σ = 6, whatis the z-score corresponding to a score that is 12 points above the mean?a. z = 1b. z = 2c. z = 6d. z = 12 |
b. z=2 |
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A researcher selects a sample of 100 people toinvestigate the relationship between gender (male/female) and registering ornot registering to vote. The sample consists of 40 females, of whom 30 areregistered voters, and 60 males, of whom 40 are registered voters. If the datawere used for a chi-square test for independence, what would be the expectedfrequency for registered females?a. 12b. 28c. 40d. 42 |
b. 28 |
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Which of the following is essentially the same as ameasure’s validity?a. Its accuracyb. Its generalizabilityc. Its variabilityd. Its replicability |
a. Its accuracy |
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If a two-factor ANOVA reveals a significant AxBinteraction, which of the following is true?a. At least one of the main effects must also be significantb. Both of the main effects must also besignificantc. Neither of the two main effects can besignificant d. The significance of the interaction has noimplications for the main effects |
D. The significance of the interaction has no implications for the main effects |
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Which of the following refers to the extent to which youcan conclude that an independent variable is responsible for an effect on the dependentvariable?a. Internal validityb. External validityc. Construct validityd. Concurrent validity |
A. Internal Validity |
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What is an effectiveness study (not to be confused with anefficacy study) concerned with?a. Recruiting a homogeneous group of sample for thestudyb. How well a treatmentworks in the real worldc. Maximizing internal validityTherapists’ adherence to a treatment manual |
B. How well a treatment works in the real world |
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In the context of evaluating the effects of randomizedclinical trials (RCTs), a unique characteristic of an intention-to-treatanalysis is a. The exclusion of data from participants who didnot comply with the treatmentb. The Inclusion of datafrom all the participants who were assigned in the study, regardless of whetherthey completed the clinical trailsc. The exclusion of data from participants who didnot complete the clinical trialsd. The comparison of the treatment group to atreatment-as-usual group |
B. The inclusion of data from all the participants who were assigned in the study, regardless of whether they completed the clinical trials |
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Which of the following single-subject research designs isthe least rigorous?a. A-B designb. B-A-B designc. A-B-A-C-A-C designd. Multiple baseline designs |
A. A-B design |
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Which of the following is not a concern whenconducting a within-subjects group study?a. Practice effectb. Sensitization effectc. Carryover effectd. Placebo effect |
D. Placebo effect |
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In what way is a quasi-experiment different from a trueexperiment?a. The dependent variable is categoricalb. Random assignment to theindependent variable is not possiblec. The independent variable is continuousd. The study does not have a control group |
B. Random assignment to the independent variable is not possible |
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If a frequency distribution can be shown in a bar graph,what scale was used to measure the scores? a. Nominalb. Ordinalc. Ratiod. Interval |
A. Nominal |
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A population has a mean of µ = 50 and a standarddeviation of σ = 5. If 10 points areadded to every score in the population, then what are the new values for themean and standard deviation?a. µ = 50 and σ = 5b. µ = 50 and σ = 15c. µ = 60 and σ = 5d. µ = 60 and σ = 15 |
c. µ = 60 and σ = 5 |
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Which of the following statistical procedures can be usedfor a study that has more than one dependent variable?a. t testb. chi-squarec. ANOVAd. MANOVA |
D. Mancova |
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Which of the following describes what a confidenceinterval does?a. It uses a sample mean toestimate the corresponding population meanb. It uses a population mean to predict a samplemeanc. It uses a level of confidence to estimate asample meand. It uses the sample mean to determine a level ofconfidence |
A. It suses a sample mean to estimate the corresponding population mean |
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When random samples are taken from each subcategory inyour sampling frame, that is calleda. Systematic samplingb. Snowball samplingc. Stratified randomsamplingd. Cluster sampling |
C. Stratified random sampling |
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Which of the following is a serious concern with arepeated-measures study?a. The difference scores will be negative b. The results will beinfluenced by order effectsc. The mean difference is due to individualdifferences rather than treatment differencesd. All of these are major concerns |
B. The results will be influenced by order effects |
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In a two factor ANOVA, a main effect is defined asa. The mean differencesamong the levels of one factorb. The mean differences among all treatment conditionsc. The mean difference between the two factorsd. The difference between the largest treatmentmean and the smallest treatment mean |
A. the mean differences among the levels of one factor |
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What does a positive value for a correlation indicate?a. Increases in X tend tobe accompanied by increases in Yb. Increases in X tend to be accompanied bydecreases in Yc. A much stronger relationship than if thecorrelation were negatived. A much weaker relationship than if thecorrelation were negative |
B. Increases in X tend to be accompanied by decreases in Y |
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One use of the regression equation is to increase theaccuracy of predicting Y scores. Howmuch of the variance in the Y scores is predictable from the regressionequation?a. r b. 1 – rc. r2 d. 1 – r2 |
c. r2 |
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An experimental psychologist believes that memory forpictures is superior to memory for words. To test this hypothesis, eightrandomly selected students view 30 slides with nouns printed on them, andanother group of eight randomly selected students views 30 slides with picturesof the same nouns. After reviewing the slides, subjects are given a recalltest, and the number of correctly remembered items is measured. Which of thefollowing statistical procedures should be used to analyze the data?a. Chi-squareb. Repeated-measures ANOVAc. Logistic regressiond. Independent-sample ttest |
d. Independent-sample t test |
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Which type of correlation coefficient should be used whenone variable is interval and the other variable is dichotomous?a. Pearson’s rb. Spearman’s rhoc. Point biseriald. Phi coefficient |
C. Point Biserial |
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Which of the following statistical procedures can be usedfor a study that has a categorical dependent variable?a. Logistic regressionb. t testc. ANOVAd. MANOVA |
A. Logistic regression |
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Which of the following most accurately describes ahypothesis test?a. A descriptive technique that allows researchersto describe a sampleb. A descriptive technique that allows researchersto describe a populationc. An inferential techniquethat uses the data from a sample to draw inferences about a populationd. An inferential technique that uses informationabout a population to make predictions about a sample |
C. An inferential technique that uses the data from a sample to draw inferences about a population |
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In which of the following situations would a repeated-measuresdesign be appropriate?a. Comparing mathematical skills of girls versusboys at age 10b. Comparing pain tolerancewith and without acupuncture needlesc. Comparing self-esteem of students whoparticipate in school athletics versus those who do notd. Comparing verbal problem-solving skills ofscience majors versus art majors at a university |
B. Comparing pain tolerance with and without acupuncture needles |
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What are the goals of psychological science? |
Find general rules in a behavioral context Develop theories that can interpret human behaviors |
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True or False: Whether a study can be relocated and generalizable to other settings is what makes it a good study |
True |
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Which is not a reason program evaluations are conducted? a. Estimate unmet needs b. Verify that the programs do provide services c. Evaluate employee salaries d. Provide information to maintain and improve quality |
C. Evaluate employee salaries |
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Which of the following is not a common type of program evaluation? a. assess needs of the program participants b. Examine the process of meeting the needs c. Measure the outcomes and impacts of a program d. Divide the needs, costs and predictors |
D. Divide the needs, costs, and predictors |
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True or False: Program Evaluation techniques include Project-Level Evaluation, Cluster Evaluation, and Program And Policy Evaluation |
True: Project-levelevaluationcan be defined as the consistent, ongoing collection andanalysis of information for use in decision making. Cluster evaluation is nota substitutefor project-level evaluation, nor do cluster evaluators“evaluate” projects.•Inshort, cluster evaluation looks across a group of projects to identify common threadsand themes that, having crossconfirmation take ongreater significance. Program and Policymaking Evaluation•itaddressescross-cutting programmingand policy questions, and utilizes information gathered andsynthesized from both project-level and cluster evaluation to makeeffective decisionsabout program funding and support |
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Which of the following is not what a good project evaluation should include? a. Context b. Implementation c. Sampling |
c. sampling |
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True: Research questions have to be relevant to the academic community: theory testing, solving practical problems, c integrating theory and practical issues |
True |
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Difference between mediator vs. moderator? a) a mediator explains "why or "how". Whereas a moderator is a variable that moderates the effect of an established effect b) Moderator is only qualitative and mediator is quantitative |
A. A mediator explains "why" or "how". Where as a moderator is a variable that moderates the effect of an established effect. |
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Which is not a type of reliability? a) Test-retest b) Alternative forms c) Internal consistency d) Construct |
d) Construct |
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True or False: Not all reliability coefficients are the same |
False- Example: Test-retest reliability tells you the total extent to which random error is influencing your measure. Other types of reliability can help you find the source of the measure's unrealiability |
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True or False: Reliability does not guarantee construct validity |
True: Reliable measures are not always valid |
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True or False: Validity is the degree to which a test or measurement accurately measures or reflects what it purports to measure. |
True- accuracy |
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True or False: Convergent validity and Concurrent Validity are both types of Construct validation |
False- Concurrent Validation design is a type of Criterion-related validation. |
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True or False: Content validation evaluates if the test's contents are appropriate to what is being tested. |
True |
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Which of the following are not techniques that reduce random error and observer bias: a) behavioral observation b) Train raters C) avoidance of technology d) record observable behaviors |
c) avoidance of technology. |
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True or False: Multiple regression and correlational analysis is more flexible than ANOVA? |
True. The ability to make causative and explanatory interpretations is determined primarily by design of the data collection and the logic of the reasoning rather than by the procedure for analyzing the data. |
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A type of MRC analysis, hierarchical regression is when the effects of variables entered early are being patrolled out from the relationships involving variables later in the analysis |
True |
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True or False: Forward inclusion and Sideways elimination are a part of Stepwise regression |
False. Backward elimination is when first analysis involves predictors then eliminates bases on the smallest decrement in the R2 |
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True or False: ANCOVA is an improvement over ANOVA since covariate explains additional variability |
True: It provides a more precise analysis |
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A school system wants to know the effect of 3 teaching methods on students' learning of math. A pretest is given to each student at the beginning of the year. Which analysis would be most appropriate? a) Single subject T-test b) Chi Square c) ANCOVA |
c) ANCOVA- The pretest is entered as a covariate |
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Why is MANOVA used? a) You have a set of intercorrelated dependent variables b) Reduce Type 1 error c) It can detect the group differences on a set of variables d) all the above |
d) all of the above |
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A researcher randomly assigns subjects to one of three groups. The first group receives technical dietary information interactively from an on-line website. Group 2 receives the same information from a nurse practitioner, while group 3 receives the information from a video tape made by the same nurse practitioner. Each subject then made three ratings: difficulty, usefulness, and importance of the information in the presentation. The researcher looks at the three different ratings of the presentation to determine if there is a difference in the modes of presentation. a) MANOVA b) ANOVA |
a) MONOVA |
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True or False: Simple Logistic Regression can have more than one independent variable. |
False. Simple Logistic Regression can have only one independent variable and the dependent variable is categorical |
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Which analysis should be used: A car dealer hands out coupons of varying value and wants to know whether the amount affects purchasing a) Simple Logistic Regression b) Multiple Logistic Regression c) ANCOVA |
a) Simple Logistic Regression |
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True or False: Multiple Logistic Regression has more than one independent variable? |
True. Dependent variable is categorical |
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True or False: the following is an example of multiple regression Studying facts that predict warranty purchase (customer age, race, gender, gift offered, price of item) |
True |
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The example of recruiting one entire class of students from three schools randomly selected to represent the entire school is what type of sampling? a) Systematic sampling b) snowball sampling c) Cluster sampling |
c) Cluster sampling |
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Which type of sampling describes asking participants to refer new participants to you? |
snowball sampling |
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which type of sampling: Stop recruiting participants once the sample size quota is reached in each category |
Quota Sampling |
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Which type of sampling: Take every nth entry from the sample |
systematic sampling |
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Which type of sampling: Everyone who responds is included |
Convenience sampling |
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How certain we can be that the independent variable is related to/ causes the dependent variable is what type of validity? |
Internal Validity |
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The following are threats to Internal Validity except a) Statistical Regression-the more extreme the sample selected, the greater the possibility for regression b) Selection- matching c) Instrumental- differences in the measurement devices or raters D All the above |
d) all the above |
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True or False: External Validity the more similar the sample and population, there confidence we have for generalizability. |
True. Some issues with External Validity are convenience sampling, participant self-selection |
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The extent to which the expected effects can be demonstrated by the statistical analysis carried out by the investigator |
Statistical Conclusion Validity: Hypothesis testing, effect size, and power |
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The goal is to match the experimental materials and procedures to how one is defining the construct |
Construct Validity |
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The following are threats to construct validity except: A) Inadequate explication of construct: clear operational definitions for materials and procedures B) Construct confounding: multiple, overlapping constructs are being measured such that outcomes cannot be properly attributed C) Variability in procedures |
C) Variability in procedures |
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True or False: In regards to mono-operation and mono-method bias should include more than one means of establishing that we are manipulating or measuring the constructs of interests. |
True |
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The entire group of individuals is called |
population |
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A characteristic or condition that can change or take on different values |
Variable |
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True or False: Most research begins with a general question about the relationship between two variables for a specific group of individuals |
True |
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The measurements obtained in a research study are called |
data |
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___________ are methods for organizing and summarizing data
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descriptive statistics. For example: tables or graphs are used to organize data, and descriptive values such as the average score are used to summarize data. |
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A descriptive value for a population is called a _____________ and a descriptive value for a sample is called a ______________. |
Parameter; statistic |
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Methods for using sample data to make general conclusions (inferences) about populations |
Inferential statistics |
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Discrepancy between a sample statistic and its population parameter is called |
sampling error; defining and measuring sampling error is a large part of inferential statistics |
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Class size is an example of what type of variable? |
discrete variable |
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Time or weight is an example of what type of variable? |
Continuous variable, infinitely divisible into whatever units a researcher may choose. |
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In order to define the units for a continuous variable, a researcher must set boundaries located exactly half-way between adjacent categories. This technique is called what? |
Real Limits |
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Which type of measurement scales holds the zero point as arbitrary? a) interval scale b) ratio scale c) nominal scale |
a) Interval scale- Interval measurements identify the direction and magnitude of a difference. The zero point is located arbitrarily on the interval scale. |
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The manipulated variable is called the ____________ and the observed variable is the ________________. |
independent; dependent variable |
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This type of study does not use a manipulated variable to differentiate the groups. Instead the variable that differentiates the groups is usually a preexisting participant variable (such as male/female) or time variable (such as before/after). |
quasi-experimental |
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A statistical measure that determines a single value that accurately describes the center of distribution and represents the entire distribution of scores. |
Central tendency: examples Mean, mode and median |
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which type of central tendency is the most commonly used measure of central tendency? a) Mean b) Mode c) Median |
a) Mean; computation of theme requires scores that are numerical values measured on an internal or ratio scale |
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When a distribution contains a few extreme scores the mean will be pulled toward the extremes, which type of central tendency is best to use? Mode or Median? |
Median: The median tends to stay in the center of the distribution even when there are a few extreme scores or when the distribution is very skewed. |
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True or False: The primary value of the mode is that it is the only measure of central tendency that be used for data measured on a nominal scale. |
True: The mode is often used as a supplemental measure of central tendency that is reported along with the mean or the median. |
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The goal for _______________ is to obtain a measure of how spread out the scores are in a distribution |
Variability |
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Variability can be measured with a) the range b) standard deviation c) effect size d) a and b |
d) range and standard deviation is determined by measuring distance |
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The total distance covered by the distribution from the highest score to the lowest score (using the upper and lower real limits of the range) |
The Range |
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Measures the standard distance between a score and the mean |
Standard deviation
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True of False: If a constant is added to every score in a distribution, the standard deviation will not be changed |
True: The center of the distribution changes but the standard deviation remains the same |
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True of False: If each score is multiplied by a constant, the standard deviation will be multiplied by the same constant. |
True: Multiplying by a constant will multiply the distance between scores, and because the standard deviation is a measure of distance, it will also be multiplied. |
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True or False: Each z-score tells the exact location of the original X value within the distribution |
True: The z scores form a standardized distribution than can be directly compared to other distribution that also have been transformed into z-scores. |
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1) State hypothesis about the population 2) Use hypothesis to predict the characteristics the sample should have 3) Obtain a sample from the population. 4) Compare data with the hypothesis prediction |
Hypothesis Test |
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The probability that the test will reject the null hypothesis when the treatment does have an effect |
Power of a Hypothesis Test |
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Type of table that provides an efficient method fro obtaining and displaying frequency distribution in which each score is divided into a stem consisting of the first digit or digits and a leaf consisting of the final digit. Then go through theist of scores one at a time and write the leaf for each score beside its stem |
Stem and Leaf Displays |
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True or False: The t statistic allows researchers to use sample data to test hypothesis about an unknown population mean |
True: The particular advantage of the t statistic is that the t statistic does not require any knowledge of the population standard deviation. |
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What type of analysis allows researchers to evaluate the mean difference between two populations using data from two separate samples. |
Independent Measures- identifying characteristic of the design is the existence of two separate or independent samples. |
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True or False: the homogeneity of variance for the independent measures t test requires that the two populations from which the samples are obtained have equal variances. |
True: Necessary in order to justify pooling the two sample variances and using the pooled variance in the calculation of the t statistic |
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A single group of individuals is obtained and each individual is measured in both of the treatment conditions being compared. |
Repeated-measures design |
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Each individual in one treatment is matched one to one with a corresponding individual in the second treatment |
Matched-subjects design |
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True or False: A value of 0 indicates a perfect relationship and a value of a 1 indicates no relationship. |
False: A value of 1.00 or -1.00 indicates a perfect relationship and a value of zero indicates no relationship. |
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Measures the relationship between two ordinal variables that is X and Y both consist of ranks |
Spearman Correlation: It measures the consistency of direction of the relationship between the two variables. The two variables must be converted to ranks before Spearman correlation is computed |
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A type of correlation used in situations where one variable is dichotomous and the other consists of regular numerical scores |
Point-biserial Correlation |
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A type of correlation that is used when both variables are dichotomous |
Phi-coefficient |
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A statistical procedure that determines the equation for the straight line best fits a specific set of data |
Regression; the resulting straight line is called a regression line |
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In the linear equation the value of ______ is called the slope constant and determines the direction and degree to which the line is tiled. |
b |
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If the Pearson correlation between X and Y is r=0.60, then the regression equation predicts 36% of the variance in the Y scores |
True. r2= (.60)2=.36 |
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Increasing sample size increases_______ by reducing the standard error |
Power |
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_________ have greater power than two tailed tests, given that you have specified the correct tail |
one tailed test. The critical region is spread amongst two tails |
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increasing the critical region (a) increases _______ |
Power |
