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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of data is primarily used in quantitative research? |
Numerical data |
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What is descriptive statistics ? |
Numerical data displayed and summarised in way that's easy to understand |
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Example of ways numerical data can be displayed? |
1. Numerical results 2. Coded Category 3. Ordered Category |
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What are the levels of measurement? |
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio |
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How do the levels of measurement vary? |
In levels of precision |
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How can descriptive data be presented? |
Tables Charts Measures of central tendency Measures of dispersion |
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Pro of using tables? |
Allow data of different variances be displayed together |
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Pro of using a chart ? |
Immediate visual impact |
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What are measures of central tendency? |
Mode, median, mean |
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What are measures of dispersion? |
Range, interquartile range, standard deviation |
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Why is statistical analysis performed? |
To draw inferences from the sample studied about the population of interest |
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How does hypothesis testing work? |
1. Null hypothesis 2. Set hypothesis 3. Carry out test 4. Compare results to hypothesis 5. obtain P value 6. make decision |
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What is the P value? |
The probability of obtaining the study results if the null hypothesis is true |
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what does it mean when the P value is closer to zero? |
That the likelihood of the null hypothesis is more likely |
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What is the statistical significance usually set at? |
5% |
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what does P < 0.05? |
that the hypothesis can be rejected |
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What type of error is a false positive? |
A type 1 error |
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what type of error is a false negative? |
A type 2 error |
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What is the power of study? |
The probability that a difference can be detected between study groups |
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how is the power of study expressed? |
as a percentage |
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What is a disadvantage of using the P value? |
you can only tell how likely the results are if the null hypothesis is true |
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What is estimation? |
A measure of the precision with which the quantity of interest is estimated |
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What can calculating a confidence interval do? |
Provide information on the effect size and the clinical significance of results |
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When are confidence intervals calculated? |
from any estimated quantity from the sample data eg mean |
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what does 95% confidence interval mean? |
the range of values within which the true population quantity would fall 95% of the time if the study were to be repeated |
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what does confidence value mean for the specified range? |
That it is 95% certain that the true value lies within the specified range |
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what if the range includes zero? |
then there may be no difference between groups |
