Dat Vocab

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cell theory

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1. all living things are composed of cells

2. cell is the basic functional units of life

3. chemical reactions of life take place inside the cell

4. cells arise only from pre-existing cells

5. cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA

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organelles

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components of the cell are specialized in their structure and functions. nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and centrioles.

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prokaryotic

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before nucleus. Cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus.

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cell membrane

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encloses the cell and exhibits selective permeability. regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell.

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fluid mosaic model

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cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded throughout

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carrier proteins

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help charged ions and larger charged molecules cross the membrane

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nucleus

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controls the activities of the cell, including cell division

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histones

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structural proteins which are complexed and found in DNA

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nucleolus

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dense structure in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA synthesis occurs

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ribosomal RNA

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needed for protein synthesis at the ribosome

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ribosome

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sites of protein production and are synthesized by the nucleolus

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endoplasmic reticulum

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network of membrane-enclosed spaces involved in the transport of materials throughout the cell, particularly those materials destined to be secreted by the cell

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smooth ER

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does not contain ribosomes and so is not involved with protein synthesis but is involved with metabolism and the production of lipids

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rough ER

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contains ribosomes and plays an important role in the production of proteins

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golgi apparatus

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receives vesicles and their contents from the smooth ER and then modifies them, repackages them into vesicles, and distributes them to the cell surface for exocytosis.

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mitochondria

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sites of aerobic respiration within the cell and hence the suppliers of energy, especially in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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cytoplasm

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where most of the cell's metabolic activity occurs, which includes the cytosol and all the organelles of the cell.

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cytosol

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cellular fluid contained within the cell membrane

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cyclosis

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streaming movement within the cell

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vacuoles/vesicles

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membrane-bound sacs involved in the transport and storage of materials that are ingested, secreted, processed, or digested by the cell.

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centrioles

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composed of microtubules and are involved in spindle organization during cell division

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lysosomes

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membraned-bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes involved in intracellular digestion

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autolysis

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the process where an injured or dying cell may self-destruct by rupturing the lysosome membrane and releasing its hydrolytic enzymes

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cytoskeleton

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supports the cell, maintains its shape, and aids in cell motility.

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cilia and flagella

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specialized arrangements of microtubules that extend from certain cells and are involved in cell motility and cytoplasmic movement

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actin

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important in cell movement as well as support.

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simple diffusion

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net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradients - from a region higher concnetration to a region of lower concentration.

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osmosis

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simple diffusion of water from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.

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hypertonic

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when the cytoplasm of a cell has a lower solute concentration than the extracellular medium and water will flow out of the cell into the surrounding medium

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plasmolysis

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this process will cause the cell to shrivel.

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hypotonic

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when the extracellular environment is less concentrated than the cytoplasm of the cell, water will flow into the cell.

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lyse

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burst

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isotonic

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when the extracellular environment has the same concentration of solutes as the cell cytoplasm, water will move back and forth in equal amounts across the cell membrane.

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facilitated diffusion

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net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient through special channels or carrier proteins in the cell membrane

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active transport

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net movement of dissolved particles against their concentration gradients with the help of transport proteins

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symporters

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move 2 or more ions or molecules in the same direction across the membrane

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antiporters

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exchange 1 or more ions for another ion or molecule across the membrane

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pumps

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energy-dependent carriers (requires ATP)

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endocytosis

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process in which the cell membrane invaginates, forming a vesicle that contains extracellular medium

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pinocytosis

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ingestion of fluids or small particles

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phagocytosis

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engulfing of large particles

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exocytosis

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vesicle within the cell membrane and releases a large volume of contents to the outside

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brownian movement

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kinetic energy spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell

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cyclosis or streaming

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circular motion of cytoplasm around the cell transports molecules

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diffusion

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if cells are in direct or close contact with the external environment, diffusion can serve as a sufficient means of transport for food and oxygen from the environment to the cells.

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circulatory system

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require for complex animals whose cells are too far from the external environment to transport materials by diffusion

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cell division

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cell division is a means of reporduction

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unicellular organisms

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cell division is a method of growth, development, and replacement of worn-out cells.

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multicellular organisms

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period of growth and chromosome replication

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centromere

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a central region where 2 identical sister chromatids of the chromosomes are held together

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chromatin

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when DNA is uncoiled

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G1

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this phase initiates interphase

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S

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this is the period of DNA synthesis

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G2

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when the cell prepares to divide

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mitosis

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division and distribution of the cell's DNA to its 2 daughter cells such that each cell receives a complete copy of the original genome

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karyokinesis

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nuclear division

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cytokinesis

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cell division

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kinetochore

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protein location on the centromere

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metaphase plate

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when the spindle fibers align the chromosomes at the center of the cell

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diploid

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2N

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cytokinesis

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near the end of telophase the cytoplasm divides into 2 daughter cells, each with a complete nucleus and its own set of organelles

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meiosis

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process by which these sex cells are produced

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haploid

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1N, halving the number of chromosomes

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gametes

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4 haploid cells that was resulted from meiosis that divided 2 primary sex cells

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first meiotic division

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rpoduces 2 intermediate daughter cels with N chromosomes and sister chromatids

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synapsis

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a process where homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine in a process

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tetrad

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each synaptic pair of homologous chromosomes contains 4 chromatids

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crossing over

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sometimes chromatids of homologous chromosomes break at corresponding points and exchange equivalent pieces of DNA