Dat Reproduction

Front 1

what 3 things are required of sexual reproduction?

Back 1

1. the production of functional sex cells (Gametes)
2. the union of these cells (fertilization)
3. the development of the zygote into another adult.

Front 2

functionally, what are gonads?

Back 2

the specialized organs where gametes are produced

Front 3

physically, what are gonads?

Back 3

the male gonads= testes
the female gonads= ovaries

Front 4

where do testes produce sperm?

Back 4

in the tightly coiled seminiferous tubules

Front 5

what do ovaries produce?

Back 5

eggs AKA "oocytes"

Front 6

what is a hermaphrodite?

Back 6

species with both functional male and female gonads. (ex: hydra & earthworm)

Front 7

what is spermatogenisis and where does it take place?

Back 7

sperm production- it takes place in the seminiferous tubules.

Front 8

what happens during spermatogenesis?

Back 8

diploid cells called spermatogonia undergo meiosis to produce 4 haploid sperm.

Front 9

what is the anatomy of a mature sperm cell?

Back 9

an elongated cell with head (nucleus), tail (flagellum), neck and body (mitochondria).

Front 10

what is oogenesis and where does it occur?

Back 10

the production of female gametes. occurs in the ovaries.

Front 11

what happens during oogenesis?

Back 11

one diploid primary female sex cell undergoes meiosis to produce a single mature egg.

Front 12

what is produced each mitotic division in oogenesis?

Back 12

a polar body- small cell containing little more than a nucleus, that rapidly degenerates.

Front 13

what does a mature ovum contain?

Back 13

it is a large cell containing most of the cytoplasm, RNA, organelles, and nutrients needed by a developing embryo.

Front 14

what is fertilization?

Back 14

the union of the egg & sperm nuclei to form a zygote with a diploid number of chromosomes.

Front 15

what is the pathway of sperm?

Back 15

SEVEN UP

1. seminiferous tubules
2. epididymis
3. vas deferens
4. ejaculatory duct
5. Urethra
6. penis

Front 16

female ovaries consist of thousands of follicles, what is a follicle?

Back 16

a multilayered sac of cells that contains, nourishes, and protects an immature ovum.

follicle cells produce estrogen

Front 17

by what cells is estrogen produced?

Back 17

follicle

Front 18

estrogen and progesterone are synthesized and secreted by what?

Back 18

ovaries

Front 19

what is the regulatory pathway concerning secretion of both estrogen and progesterone?

Back 19

LH & FSH regulate secretion of estrogen and progesterone.

GnRH regulates LH & FSH

Front 20

what are estrogens?

Back 20

steroid hormones required for normal female maturation.

Front 21

what are estrogens secreted by?

Back 21

1. ovarian follicles
2. corpus luteum

Front 22

what is progesterone secreted by?

Back 22

1. corpus luteum (during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle)

Front 23

what is progesterone?

Back 23

steroid hormone secreted by the corpus luteum during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.

it stimulates maintance of the endometrial walls in preparation for implantation

Front 24

what are the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle?

Back 24

FOLM

1. follicular phase
2. ovulation
3. luteal phase
4. menstruation

Front 25

hormal secretions of the ____, _____ & _______ play important roles in the female reproductive cycle.

Back 25

1. ovaries
2. hypothalamus
3. anterior pituitary

Front 26

what is the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

Back 26

begins with the cessation of the menstrual flow from previous cycle.

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) from anterior pituitary promotes development of the follicle, which grows and begins secreting estrogen

Front 27

what happens during ovulation?

Back 27

a mature ovarian follicle bursts and releases an ovum mid-cycle.

Front 28

what causes ovulation?

Back 28

a surge in LH (luteinizing hormone) which is preceeded by a peak in estrogen levels

Front 29

what occurs during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

Back 29

after ovulation, LH causes the ruptured follicle to develop into the corpus luteum, which secretes estrogen and progesterone.

Front 30

what occurs during menstruation if fertilization does not take place?

Back 30

when the ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum atrophies. The resulting drop in progesterone and estrogen levels causes the endometrium to come off= period (menses)

Front 31

what occurs during menstruation if fertilization does take place?

Back 31

if fertilization occurs the placenta produces HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) maintaing the corpus luteum and the supply of progesterone and estrogen

Front 32

what form of reproduction do all plants use?

Back 32

asexual

Front 33

what is binary fission?

Back 33

a simple form of asexual reproduction seen in prokaryotes.

Front 34

what are the steps in binary fission?

Back 34

DNA replication, new cell wall and plasma membrane form and grow inward dividing the cell in two.

Front 35

what is budding?

Back 35

a type of asexual reproduction that involves replication of the nucleus followed by unequal cytokenesis.

Front 36

what type of reproduction involves unequal cytokenesis?

Back 36

Budding- a type of asexual reproduction

Front 37

what is regeneration?

Back 37

regrowth of a lost body part-

Front 38

how does regeneration occur?

Back 38

replacement of cells occurs by mitosis.

Front 39

in starfish, as long as they have a piece of what part of their body they can regenerate an entire body from an arm?

Back 39

the central disk

Front 40

what is parthenogenesis?

Back 40

the development of an unfertilized egg into an adult organism. (ex: male bees develop from unfertilized eggs while female bees develop from fertilized eggs.)

Front 41

in plants that alternate between haploid and diploid generations what is the haploid generation called?

Back 41

gametophyte

Front 42

in plants that alternate between haploid and diploid generations what is the diploid generation called?

Back 42

sporophyte

Front 43

in plants, has evolution favored sporophyte or gametophyte generations?

Back 43

diploid sporophyte

Front 44

in plants, do sporophyte or gametophyte generations produce gametes by mitosis?

Back 44

haploid gametophyte

Front 45

in plants, do gametophytes produce sexually or asexually?

Back 45

sexually

Front 46

do sporophytes produce sexually or asexually?

Back 46

asexually