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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
two atomic orbitals combine to form |
bonding molecular orbital+ antibonding molecular orbital
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molecular/atomic orbitals can contain a maximum of --- electrons
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2
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pi bonds are formed by ---
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overlapping p orbitals
*2 p orbitals |
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sigma bond can be formed by
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2 s orbitals
2 p orbitals 1 s and 1 p orbital |
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formation of carbocation is
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rate limiting step
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rate limiting step involves 2 molecules
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SN2
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CN is a good/strong ---
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nucleophile
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tosylate is a good/strong ---
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leaving group
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produce several different radical compounds
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Cl2
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produce major product under radical reactions
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Br2
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Br2 + Alkyne
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trans addition
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hydroboration of alkynes
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syn addition (cis alkene)
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hydroboration:
terminal alkynes require --- borane |
disubstituted
(page 314) |
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halogens are EWG that are
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ortho-paradirecting
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R-O-R (ether) + HX (strong acid) =
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2 X-R
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carbonyl + excess alcohol
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ACETAL
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expected to decarboxylate in the presence of heat
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beta-keto acids
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example of conformational isomer
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cis and trans
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hydrolysis of acid chloride results in
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HCl and carboxylic acid
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steric hinderence is important in formation of ---
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esters
page 402 |
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carboxylic acids in the presence of base
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deprotonated in the form of a salt
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carboxylic acids in the presence of acid
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protonated
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R-C-N
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nitrile
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N-N
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diazocompound
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RNHCOOR
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urethane
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N-N-N
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azide
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amine + R- I
AgO H2O |
Hoffman rearrangement
yields: 1) trisubstituted amine 2) least substituted alkene |
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separates dissolved substances based on differential solubility in aq. vs organic solvents
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extraction
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separates solids from liquids
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filtration
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separates solids based on different solubilities
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recrystallization
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separates large macromolecules and cells based on mass and density
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centrifugation
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separates liquid based on boiling point
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distillation
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separates compounds based on how polar they are and sometimes size
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chromatography
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used to separate biological macromolecules (proteins or nucleic acids) based on size and sometimes charge
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electrophoresis
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used to separate molecules who have very similar boiling point
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fractional distillation
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Rf value
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distance traveled/solvent distance traveled
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less polar solvent in TLC means
--- distance traveled for solvent |
less
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--- molecules elute first in column chromatography
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nonpolar
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ether extractions are more successive when---
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when you perform multiple reactions
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no IR spectrum for molecules that do not change their ---
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dipole moment
example: O2 |
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Carbon 12 is not used for NMR because
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it has no magnetic moment
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9-10 ppm
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aldehyde proton
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2-3 ppm
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alkyne proton
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5-6 ppm
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alkene proton
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10-12
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carboxylic acid proton
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splitting of spectrum lines in CNMR
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coupling between a carbon atom and protons attached to that carbon
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most useful for detecting conjugated alkenes
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UV spectroscopy
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mass spectrometry results in separation of fragments according to---
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mass to charge ratio
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alkene nomenclature
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start numbering with alkene
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halide nomenclature
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give halide lowest possible number
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alcohol nomenclature
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give OH group lowest possible number
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ketone has --- double bond in nomenclature
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priority
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rotation about one or more single bond
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conformational isomers
*person sitting up or sitting down |
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most stable/energy minima conformation in newman projection
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staggered or anti conformation
(2 methyls are 180 apart) |
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two methyls are 60 degrees apart
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gauche
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highest energy state in newman projection
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totally eclipsed
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when 2 methyls overlap each other (0 degrees apart)
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totally eclipsed
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two methyls are 120 degrees apart
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eclipsed
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bond angles deviate
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angle strain
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cyclic molecules are eclipsed
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torsional strain
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atoms compete for the same space
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nonbonded strain
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high energy state of cyclohexane
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boat
A --> E eclipsed! |
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all 3 types of strain are limited in which cyclohexane conformation
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chair
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large atoms tend to be better nucleophiles in --- solvents
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protic
CN > I > RO > HO > Br> Cl > F |
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smaller atoms tend to be better nucleophiles in --- solvents
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aprotic
F> Cl > Br > I |
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--- bases make good leaving groups
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weak bases
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formation of peptide bond involves
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condensation reaction
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other covalent bonds found in amino acids
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disulfide bonds
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carbanion stability
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opposite of carbocation
1>2>3 |
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carbocation stability
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3>2>1
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whether a molecular orbital is bonding or antibonding depends solely on ---
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the signs of the atomic orbitals
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--- DO NOT show up in net ionic equations
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spectator ions
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how do you determine mass of a single atom
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atomic weight/ avogadros number
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calculating bond length of pure compounds
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take average
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pure gases have low melting points because
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they are covalently bonded, non-polar, and have very minimal IMF
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8.314 is used for
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kPa
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---does not change with temperature and remains constant as a solution is heated
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molality
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pka + pkB=
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14
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(Acids or Bases) dissolve things
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acids
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spontaneous reactions produce an --- in entropy
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increase
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units for 2nd order reaction
units for third order reaction |
(M-1)(s-1)
(M-2)(s-1) |
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two unequal concentrations will tend to equalize due to
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entropy
*drives current |
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as period number increases ---- increases
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molecular weight
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occurs after the reaction takes place to balance the charges and does not drive the current
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deposition of ions from the salt bridge
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reducing sugars are ----
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hemiacetals
look for OH on anomeric carbon |
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test used for alkenes
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KMnO4
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Test for aldehydes and ketones
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Schiff Base
Tollens Bisulfite Iodoform |
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to determine which resonance structure is most stable...
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count and see if all atoms have FULL octet!
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example of ketohexafuranoside
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fructose
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grignard + epoxide =
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basic condition
least sub side gets attacked most sub gets OH retention of stereochemistry |
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trans alkene from alkyne
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Na, NH3
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Diels Alder Reaction:
groups with pi bonds placed in --- position |
endo position
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