Dat Evolution

Front 1

what does the term anagenesis refer to? what is it AKA?

Back 1

one species evolving into another

AKA phyletic evolution

Front 2

what does the term cladogenesis refer to? what is it AKA?

Back 2

a new species branching out from parent species

AKA branching evolution

Front 3

what is petrification?

Back 3

minerals replace cells of an organism

Front 4

what are imprints?

Back 4

impressions left by an organism (ex: footprints)

Front 5

what are molds?

Back 5

form in the hollow spaces of rocks, as the organism within decays

Front 6

what are casts?

Back 6

formed by minerals deposited in molds*

Front 7

what are homologous structures?

Back 7

have common ancestor but function varies

(human arm, whale fin, bat wing)

Front 8

what are analogous structures?

Back 8

have same function but do not descend from common ancestor

(bat wing, fly wing)

Front 9

insecticide resistance in insects is an example of what?

Back 9

directional selection

Front 10

what is a phylogeny?

Back 10

the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

Front 11

which type of selection eliminates extremes and favors the more common intermediate forms?

Back 11

stabilizing selection

Front 12

which type of selection increases the extreme types of phenotypes but not the intermediate/average ones?

Back 12

disruptive/diversifying selection

Front 13

which selection occurs as a result of changing environment, where one phenotype replaces another?

Back 13

directional selection

Front 14

which type of selection is based on variation in secondary sexual characteristics?

Back 14

sexual selection

Front 15

under what conditions in a population is there the greatest capacity for change or evolution?

Back 15

populations with a lot of variation

Front 16

what is a deme?

Back 16

a small local population

Front 17

sexual reproduction, geographic variation, balanced polymorphism, diploidy, heterozygote advantage, frequency dependent selection, evolutionary neutral traits and outbreeding
are examples of what?

Back 17

natures way of preserving genetic variation/diversity within a population

Front 18

what is hardy-weinberg principle?

Back 18

an equation that allows us to calculate frequencies of alleles in a population

Front 19

what is the hardy-weinberg equation?

Back 19

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

or

p + q = 1

Front 20

according to hardy and weinberg, what must be true if a population is stable?

Back 20

1. the population must be large
2. and isolated
3. with no mutations
4. with random mating
5. and no natural selection

Front 21

what is genetic drift?

Back 21

changes in composition of gene pool due to chance

Front 22

what is gene flow?

Back 22

migration of individuals between populations = loss or gain of genes

Front 23

what are allopatric and sympatric speciation? which type involved a geographic barrier ?

Back 23

the two types of speciation -allopatric has geographic barrier

Front 24

under what conditions does divergent evolution occur?

Back 24

when a population becomes isolated from the rest of the species and is exposed to new selective pressure and evolves into new species

Front 25

what is convergent evolution?

Back 25

when unrelated species evolve the same traits due to occupying similar environments (whale like a fish)

Front 26

what is parallel evolution?

Back 26

2 related species that make similar evolutionary adaptations after diverging form same common ancestor

(mammals on different continents)

Front 27

what is coevolution?

Back 27

predator-prey evolution (the monarch butterfly & milkweed plant) butterfly larvae eat wilkweed and store poison in blood so they are toxic to be eaten by other animals

Front 28

what is adaptive radiation?

Back 28

development of numerous species from a common ancestor after being introduced to an environment

(darwins finches)

Front 29

what are the two types of divergent evolution?

Back 29

allopatric and sympatric evolution

Front 30

what is the process where minerals replace cells of an organism?

Back 30

petrification

Front 31

what are imprints?

Back 31

impressions left by organism (ex: footprints)

Front 32

what are molds?

Back 32

fossils that form in the hollow spaces of rocks as the organism decays

Front 33

what are casts?

Back 33

formed by minerals deposited in molds.

Front 34

whats the difference between homologous and analogous structures in comparative anatomy?

Back 34

homologous = same evolutionary origin/ different function

analogous = different evolutionary origin/ same function

Front 35

what is Lamarckian evolution?

Back 35

based on USE and DISUSE and inheritance of acquired traits

(An incorrect theory of evolution prior to Darwin's)

Front 36

changing environmental conditions give rise to what type of selection?

Back 36

directional

Front 37

what is balanced polymorphism?

Back 37

the presence of two of more phenotypically distinct forms of a trait in a single population.

Front 38

what is a cline?

Back 38

a difference in phenotype based on different environments. (but based on geography**)

Front 39

what preserves multiple alleles in a population?

Back 39

the heterozygote advantage

Front 40

balanced polymorphism, geographic variation, sexual reproduction, outbreeding, diploidy, heterozygote advantage, frequnecy dependent selection and evolutionary neutral traits are all sources of what within a population?

Back 40

sources of *genetic variation* in a population

Front 41

what are the types of selection?

Back 41

directional, diversifying, stabilizing, artificial and sexual

Front 42

what is genetic drift?

Back 42

change in the gene pool due to chance

Front 43

what are the two examples of genetic drift?

Back 43

bottle-neck effect & the founder effect

Front 44

what is the bottleneck effect?

Back 44

a type of genetic drift in which a population undergoes loss of genetic variation following a *natural disaster* that alters the gene pool and no longer reflects the original one.

Front 45

what is the founder effect?

Back 45

type of genetic drift when a small population breaks away from original and colonizes a new area.

Front 46

what is gene flow?

Back 46

the movement of alleles into or out of a population.

Front 47

genetic drift, gene flow, mutations, nonrandom mating, and natural selection are all sources of what in a population?

Back 47

causes of evolution.

Front 48

what type of population does the HW equilibrium describe?

Back 48

a stable, non-evolving population.

(allele frequencies do not change)

Front 49

what are the requirements for HW?

Back 49

1. large population
2. isolated population
3. no mutations
4. random mating
5. no natural selection

Front 50

what is a deme?

Back 50

a small, local population

Front 51

what is allopatric speciation?

Back 51

speciation caused by geographic isolation.

Front 52

what is sympatric speciation?

Back 52

speciation that occurs without geographic isolation.

Front 53

habitat isolation, polyploidy, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation and reproductive isolation are examples of what?

Back 53

sympatric speciation

Front 54

divergent, convergent, parallel, coevolution and adaptive radiation are different what?

Back 54

patterns of evolution

Front 55

what is divergent evolution?

Back 55

evolution that occurs as a result of any type of isolation from main population (all allopatric and sympatric)

Front 56

what's convergent evolution?

Back 56

2 different species in same environment evolve similarly due to similar selective pressure and environment.

Front 57

what is parallel evolution?

Back 57

new species with common ancestor evolving similarly regardless of geographic locale.

Front 58

what is coevolution?

Back 58

predator- prey adaptations

Front 59

what is adaptive radiation?

Back 59

emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced into an environment.
(darwins finches)