Dat Biology Chapeter 2

Front 1

Oviparous

Back 1

Internal fertilization; lay eggs "egg birth"

Front 2

Viviparous

Back 2

internal fertilization; “live birth”

Front 3

Ovoviviparous

Back 3

internal fertilization; egg develops inside mother “egg live birth”

Front 4

S phase

Back 4

replicate genome (create chromatids)

Front 5

Mitosis

Back 5

2N=>2N, occurs in all dividing cells; 10% of cell cycle

Front 6

1. Interphase

Back 6

(90% of time) – replication of genetic material resulting in sister chromatids

Front 7

2. Prophase

Back 7

chromatids condense into xsomes; nuclear envelope breaks down; microtubule spindles

Front 8

3. Metaphase

Back 8

chromosomes align across metaphase plate

Front 9

4. Anaphase

Back 9

sister chromatids separate; shortest phase

Front 10

5. Telophase

Back 10

new nuclear membranes form (cleavage furrow forms); spindles disappear, and chromosomes disperse into chromatin

Front 11

6. Cytokinesis

Back 11

in animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms and membrane is pinched in two by microfilaments

Front 12

PLANTS:

Back 12

vesicles from Golgi body migrate to central plane and fuse to form a cell plate, followed by cell wall development; also, plants lack centrioles, and spindle is synthesized by MTOCs that are not visible

Front 13

Meiosis

Back 13

occurs in sex cells, homologous chromosomes pair at meta plate (tetrads), crossing over can occur, 2N=>N

Front 14

1. Prophase I

Back 14

chromatids of homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material



(crossing over)- called synapsis. When tetrads (groups of four chromatids line up and nonsister chromatids form close associations called chiasmata (legs of chromosomes overlap). Tetrad with chiasmata is a synaptonemal complex

Front 15

2. Metaphase I

Back 15

tetrads align at plate; each pair attaches to a separate spindle

***Karyotyping performed here***

Front 16

3. Anaphase I

Back 16

homologous pairs pulled to opposite poles (disjunction) / distribution to the two daughter cells is random w/ respect to parental origin

Front 17

4. Telophase I

Back 17

nuclear membrane forms around each nucleus, producing two haploid daughter cells

Front 18

Second division

Back 18

very similar to mitosis. No chromosomal replication. Note that only one becomes functional gamete in females (3 polar bodies are eventually degraded, while mature ovum is produced)

Front 19

Inversion

Back 19

chromosomal segment turned 180

Front 20

Translocation

Back 20

2 nonhomologous chromosomes interchange genes (attachment of all or part of one chromosome to another)

Front 21

Nondisjunction

Back 21

ailure of homologous chromosomes to separate during Meiosis I or sister chromatids to separate during Meiosis II; result in trisomy or monosomy; ex Down syndrome

Turner syndrome – sterile female lacking X chromosome; monosomy

Klinefelter Syndrome = 44 autosomes + XXY

Front 22

Asexual Reproduction methods

Back 22

production of offspring w/o fertilization

Front 23

Binary Fission

Back 23

prokaryotes (one celled amoebae, paramecia, algae, and bacteria); DNA replicates, wall grows inward along midwall to make two equally sized cells

Front 24

Budding

Back 24

replication of nucleus followed by unequal cytokinesis. Develops as outgrowth, forms smaller cell that will eventually grow to adult size; ex hydra & yeast

Front 25

Parthenogenesis

Back 25

unfertilized egg to adult organism; ex male bees and ants

Front 26

1. Spore formation (Asexual)

Back 26

ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS; diploid generation is succeeded by haploid generation

a. Diploid sporophyte(spore-producing plant) ‡ Haploid spores ‡ haploid gametophyte (sex cellproducing plant)

b. Angiosperms: dominant is sporophyte, Mosses(bryophyte): gametophyte dominant

Front 27

Angiosperms

Back 27

flowering plants; flower is reproductive structure

Front 28

• Stamen

Back 28

male organ; composed of stalk-like filament & sac-like anther (produces haploid spores that develop into pollen)

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• Pistil

Back 29

female organ; composed of stigma (catches pollen), style, and ovary

Front 30

• Sepals

Back 30

green leaves cover and protect flower bud during early development

Front 31

• Fertilization

Back 31

1 sperm nucleus + 1 egg nucleus => zygote => embryo

1 sperm nucleus + 2 polar nuclei => 3n endosperm

Front 32

• Seed formation

Back 32

Epicotyl (precursor of leaves), Cotyledons (seed leaves), Hypocotyl (develops into lower stem and root), Endosperm (feeds embryo), Seed Coat (develops from outer covering of ovule)

Front 33

2. Vegetative propagation

Back 33

undifferentiated tissues in plants, meristems, provide a source of cells that can develop into an adult plant

Front 34

Natural vs. Artificial Vegetative Propagation

Back 34

Natural
- Bulbs: split to form several bulbs
- Tuber: underground stems with buds
- Runners: stems running above and along ground that produce new roots and upright stems (딸기, lawn glasses)
- Rhizome: woody, underground stems (ferns and iris)

Artificial
- Cut piece of stem can develop new roots. Auxin used to accelerate root growth
- Layering: stems will take room when bent to ground and covered with soil (raspberries and blackberries)