Dat Biology- Biological Diversity

Front 1

Domain Archaea

Back 1

Prokaryotes that differ from other prokaryotes (bacteria) in the following ways:

-archaeal cell wall composed of polysaccharides, not peptidoglycans, cellulose, or chitin
-archaeal PM contains different phospholipids

Similarities: DNA is associated with histones (like eukaryotes, not bacteria) and ribosome activity in both archaea and eukarya is not inhibited by the antibiotic streptomycin and chloramphenicol

Front 2

Major archaeal groups

Back 2

1. Methanogens- obligate anaerobes that produce methane as a by product of obtaining energy from H2 to fix CO2.
2. Extremophiles- halophiles, thermophiles

Front 3

Domain Bacteria

Back 3

Prokaryotes that are distinct from archaea and eukaryotes by the following features:
- cell walls made of peptidoglycan
- Bacterial DNA is not associated with histones
- Ribosome activity is inhibited by antibiotics

Front 4

Categorizing bacteria

Back 4

-By their mode of nutrition
-Ability to produce endospores
-Means of motility
-Shape (cocci, bacilli, spirilla)
-Cell wall (Gram + or Gram -)

Front 5

Major bacterial groups

Back 5

1. Cyanobacteria- photosynthetic, use chlorophyll to capture light energy, split water and release O2 as plants do.
2. Chemosynthetic- autotrophic, includes nitrifying bacteria (convert nitrite to nitrate)
3. Nitrogen fixing bacteria- heterotrophs that fix nitrogen. Many have a mutualistic relationship with plants
4. Spirochetes- coiled bacteria that move with a corkscrew motion.

Front 6

Domain Eukarya

Back 6

Comprised of four kingdoms- protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia.

Front 7

Kingdom protista

Back 7

Contains a wide variety of organisms- algaelike, animallike, unicellular, multicellular. Used for convenience as the evolutionary relationships among various groups are weak and poorly understood.

Front 8

Kingdom fungi

Back 8

Grow as filaments called hyphae and the cell walls of fungi consist of chitin. Fungi are dominantly haploid but form temporary diploid structures during sexual reproduction. Fungi can also reproduce asexually by fragmenting, budding, and asexual spores.

Front 9

Plant adaptations

Back 9

-Dominant diploid sporophyte generation
-cuticle
-vascular system (xylem and phloem)
-pollen
-Gametophytes enclosed in ovary
-Seasonal variations

Front 10

Bryophytes

Back 10

Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Gametes are produced in a protective structure (gametangia) on the surface of gametophytes. Male- antheridium produces sperm that swim through the water to fertilize the eggs produced by the female archegonium.

Front 11

Lycophytes

Back 11

Includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts. Herbaceous plants

Front 12

Pterophyta

Back 12

Includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns.

Front 13

Microsporangia vs. macrosporangia

Back 13

Both are plant divisions that produce seeds but they produce microspores (male seeds) and macrospores (female seeds)

Front 14

Microsporangium

Back 14

Produces microspore mother cells which divide by meiosis to produce four haploid microspores. These mature into pollen grains. Then it divides into three cells (flowering plants) or four cells (conifers).

Front 15

Megasporangium

Back 15

Also called the nucellus, produces a megaspore mother cell which also divides by meiosis to produce four haploid cells. One of these cells survives to become the megaspore that represents the female gametophyte generation.

The megaspore divides by mitosis to produce one egg (in flowering plants) or two eggs (in conifers).

Front 16

Coniferophyta

Back 16

One type of seed plant and includes pines, firs, spruces, junipers,redwoods, cedars, and others. Together with other minor divisions they make up the gymnosperms.

Fertilization and seed development is lengthy and requires one to three years.

Front 17

Anthophyta

Back 17

(Angiosperms) Consist of the flowering plants.

Front 18

Major parts of the flower

Back 18

Pistil: female reproductive structure that consists of ovary, style, and stigma
Stamen: male reproductive structure consisting of a pollen bearing anther and its filament (stalk)
Petals: (also stepals) function to attract pollinators

Front 19

Details of fertilization

Back 19

Pollen lands on stigma and the pollen tube (contains two sperm cells) grows down toward an ovule. The megaspore mother cell inside the ovule divides by meiosis to produce four haploid cells of which one surviving megaspore divides three times by mitosis to produce eight nuclei. Six undergo cytokinesis to form the PM. When the pollen tube enters one sperm cell fertilizes the egg, forming a diploid zygote. The nucleus of the second sperm cell fuses with both polar nuclei to form a triploid nucleus. This then divides by mitosis to produce the endosperm.

Front 20

Kingdom animalia

Back 20

Diverse kingdom made of species that are all multicellular, heterotrophic, have a dominant diploid generation, are motile, and undergo a period of development during which two or three layers of tissue form.

Front 21

Body symmetry

Back 21

Animals have either radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry.

Radial symmetry- organisms have only one orientation (Front and back) and have a circular pattern.

Bilateral symmetry- top, bottom, head, and tail ends.

Front 22

Protostomes vs. deuterostomes

Back 22

Protostomes: spiral cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth, and coelom develops from tissue at sides of archenteron

Deuterostomes: radial cleavage, blastopore becomes anus, and coelom develops from outpouching of archenteron wall