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40 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
cilia and flagella
unicellular locomotive structures

made of 11 microtubules, 9 paired and 2 single in the center
pseudopodia
locomotion of amoebas, extensions of the cell membrane
hydrostatic skeleton
incompressible fluid that is pushed by longitudinal and circular muscles to change the shape of the body, providing motion. used by flatworms and annelids
setae
bristles on annelids that anchor it to the ground, allowing it to push forward
exoskeleton
hard outer skeleton
chitin
primary material of insect exoskeletons
endoskeleton
framework of bones of all vertebrates
cartilage
connective tissue that cushions joints and forms firm yet flexible structure such as the nose and ears
compact bone
dense bone made up of osteons, which are a Haversian canal surrounded by rings of lamellae
spongy bone
less dense, made up of lattice of spicules. cavities between spicules are filled with yellow or red bone marrow

yellow - inactive, filled with adipose tissue
red- active, makes blood cells
osteoblasts
synthesize and secrete organic constituents of the bone matrix, become osteoclasts once completely surrounded by matrix
osteoclasts
multinucleated cells involved in bone reabsorption
endochondral ossification
existing cartilage is replaced by bone
most long bones form this way
intramembranous ossification
embryonic undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue is transformed into bone
axial skeleton
basic framework of body
skull, vertebral column, rib cage
appendicular skeleton
pectoral and pelvic girdles, appendages
ligaments
hold bones to other bones at movable joints
tendons
hold muscle to bone
point of attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone
origin
point of attachment of a muscle to a bone that moves
insertion
extension
straightening a joint
flexion
bending a joint
structure of a muscle fiber
multinucleated cell, embed with filaments of myofibrils divided into contractile units called sacromeres. myofibrils are enveloped in the calcium ion storing sarcoplasmic reticulum. cell membrane is called he sarcolemma, and it is connected to a system of transverse tubules that allow ion flow.
Why do muscles cells have a lot of mitochondria?
contraction requires a lot of energy
Why is skeletal muscle known as striated muscle?
it has striations of light and dark bands
structure of a sarcomere
chains of thin actin molecules and thick bundles of myosin molecules
Z lines - boundaries of a single sarcomere, anchor thin actin
M line - middle of the sarcomere
I band - only thin filaments
H zone - only thick filaments
A band - all thick filaments and overlapping thin filaments
neuromuscular junction
link between nerve terminal and the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber
When enough nuerotransmitters bind to receptors on the sarcolemma, how does contraction occur?
the neurotransmitters start an action potential by changing the permeability of the sarcolemma. when the action potential reaches the interior of the muscle fiber, the sarcoplasmic reticulum is made to release calcium ions. these initiate contraction of the sarcomere.
single muscles fibers have all-or-none contractions. Does this mean the whole muscle has only one set level of strength?
no, all of the fibers are not used at once. strength is increased by recruiting more fibers
simple twitch
contraction of one muscle fiber to a brief threshold stimulus
latent period
time between stimulation and onset of contraction
relaxation period
after contraction, muscle is unresponsive to stimulus

absolute refractory period
summation
muscle is exposed to very frequent stimuli, preventing fibers from fully relaxing. contractions combine, becoming stronger and more prolonged
tetanus
muscle stimuli are so frequent that the muscle can't relax, contractions become continuous
tonus
state of partial contraction

most common state of muscles since they are never completely relaxed
structure of smooth muscle
one central nucleus, lack striation
cardiac muscle
heart muscle tissue, possess characteristics of both skeletal and smooth muscle fibers
-have sarcomeres with actin and myosin
-have only one or two nuclei
primary energy source for contraction
ATP
creatine phosphate
muscle energy storage molecule
myoglobin
maintains oxygen supply in muscles, similar to hemoglobin