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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 types of cytoskeleton
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microtubules
microfilaments intermediate filaments |
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organism that require host cell to express their genes and reproducing
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obligate intracellular parasite
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enzyme w/ two or more active site that can exist in more than one conformation usually an active form or an inactive form
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allosteric enzyme
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an enzyme that require cofactor in order to become catalytically active
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apoenzyme
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active enzyme containing all necessary cofactor
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holoenzyme
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what is michael's constant (km)
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ratio of the breakdown of an enzyme substrate complex to its formation in simple michael's menton rxn
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low Km indicates a what kind of affinity btw an enzyme and its substrate
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strong affinity
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competitive inhibitor
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on active site of enzyme
overcome by increasing the substance concentration |
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noncompetive inhibitor
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on regulatory site
inc substrate has little effects |
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molecule other than the substrate that can bind to the allosteric site of an enzyme and either inc its activity (allosteric activator) or dec its activity (allosteric inhibitor)
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regulator
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enzyme that must undergo processing before it can catalyze rxn
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zymogen
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these are energy carrier
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NAD+, NADP+, FAD
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make ATP by aerobic respiration if O2 present but switch to fermentation when O2 is not available
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facultative anaerobe
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fatty acid activation
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fats must be activated using two ATP molecule b4 they can be converted into acetyl coa and enter the citric acid cycle
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in liver glycogen is converted to
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glucose-6-phosphate
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glycolysis net ATP and NADH production?
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2ATP 2NADH
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pyruvate decarboxylation produce
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1 pyruvate to 1 acetyl coa and NADH
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centrosome
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portion of cell containing centromere
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outer layer of cells surrounding the oocyte
theses cells are secreated by follicle cells |
coroma radiate
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chromosome in their uncoiled active state
it is not visible under light microscope |
chromatin
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2N
2 copies of each chromosome usually one from mother and from father |
diploid cell
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euk somatic cells are diploid or haploid?
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diploid
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germ cells in human are diploid or haploid?
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hapliod
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chromosome in a diploid cell that contain different allele for the same trait at corrosponding loci
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homologus chromosome
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interkinesis
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short rest period btw meiosis I and meiosis II during which DNA is not replicated. the ovum remains in interkinesis is fertilized by a sperm
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this is cell of leydig in testes and secrete testastrone and other androgen
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interstitial cells
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zygote split into two embryo
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indenticl twin or monozygote twin
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this is short lived
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polor body
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semen is composed of
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sperm cell and seminal fluid
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primary spermatocyte is
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2N
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secondary spermatocyte
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1n
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SPERMATOZOA
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MATURE SPERM
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after the miotic spindle pulls the sister chromatid apart each chromatid referred as
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chromosome
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inner layer of cells surrounding the oocyte. these cells are secreted by follicle cells
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zona pellucide
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penetration of zona pellucida by a sperm forces the secondary oocyte to undergo
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meiosis II
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embryoic mem that contains the growing embryo's waste produced
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allantois
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mito and cholroplast are both
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semiconservative and double mem
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this is in blastula
fluid filled cavity |
blastocoel
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outermost extra embryonic memb
contributed to the formation of the placenta |
chorion
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ductus venosus bypass what?
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liver
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ductus artoles bypass what?
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lung
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thyroid form from what?
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endoderm
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what is inner cell mass?
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group of cells in blastocyst (mammalian blastula) that develop into the embryo
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cells at the tip of the neural fold this group of cells give rise to many components of the peripheral nervous sys
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neural crest cell
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this formed by the uterus and the extraembryonic membranes of the fetus
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placenta
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this connects vascalature of the fetus to the placenta
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umbleical cored
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placenta contains a network of capillary thru which exchange btw the ?
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fetal circulation and maternal circulation take place
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thisformed by the uterus and the extraembryonic membrane of the fetus
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placenta
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this contains a network of capillary thru which exchange btw the fetal circulation and maternal circulation take place
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placenta
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this connects vasculative of the fetus to theplaceta
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umbelical cord
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pelvis and pectorial girdes
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appendicular skeletal
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skull, vertebrate, chest
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axial skeletal
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this is firm and elastic connective tissue
consisting of collagenous fibers embedded in chondrin |
cartilge
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cartilage is produced by
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chondrocytes
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compact one is consist of
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harvasion sys (osteon)
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osteon is
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consist of harvasian canal and lamllale
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osteoblast develop into
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osteocytes
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slow twitch muscle fibers
they are primarily aerobic and contain many mitochondria and myoglobin |
red fiber
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fast twitch muscle fiber
they are primarily anaerobic and fatigue more easily than red fiber |
white fiber
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contraction so frequent muscle can not relex
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frequency summation
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refractry period
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a short period of time immediately following an action potential in which neuron or muscle cell are unresponsive to stimulus
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stimulus much larger than threshold cause an action potential in a cell in a refractory period
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refractory period
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this is structural unit of skeletal muscle compose of actin and myosin filament
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sacromere
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this is modified form of endoplasmic retiulum
store Ca2+ which trigger contraction |
sarcoplasmic reticulum
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transverse tubuler
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sys of tubules that provide chanels for ion flow thru the muscle fibers to facilitate the propagation of an actin potential
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sponge bone consist of
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this consist of a interconnectivity lattice of bony spicules (trabeculae) the cavity btw the spicules contain bone marrow
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alkaline fluid from liver stored in gallbladde into duodenum emulsfy fat
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bile
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spinter btw stomach and SI
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pyloric spinter
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spinter btw esophagus and stmoch
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cardiac spinter
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this secrete HCl ad other horman like pepsin in stomach
it is stimulated by gastrin |
gastric gland
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gland located inthe wall of the stomach that secrete the horman gastrin in response to certain substances in food
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pyloric gland
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space btw two mem (visveral pleural and parietal pleural) that cover the lung
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intrapleural space
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throacic cavity volume inc but reducing the pressure in the intrapleural space
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negative pressure breathing
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amt of air th must present in the air in order to prevent lung collapse
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residul volume
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this is liquid substance produced bythe lung tht reduce surface tension inthe alveoli
it prevents lung collapse and dec the effort needed to expand the lung |
surfactant
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volume of air that is normally inhaled or exhaled with each breath
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tidal volume
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maximum volume of air that can be inhaled or exhaled by the lung with each breath
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vital volume
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amt of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation
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expiratory reserve volume
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valve btw Atrium and ventri
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atriobentricular valve(tri/bi(mital)cuspid)
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inc the conc H+ and CO2 reduces hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen
allowing for the transfer of oxygen to cell that req it most |
bohr effect
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enzyme tht catalyze the conversion of carbonic acid to CO2 and water as wll a the formation of carbonic acid from CO2 and H2O
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carbonic anhydride
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the total volume of blood the left ventricle pump into circulation per min
it can be inc heart rate or stroke volume |
cardiac output
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erythrocyte is aerobic or anaerobic?
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anaerobic cell
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lymph node
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swelling along the lymph vessels where lymph is filtered by leukocytes to remove antige
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valve that prevent backflow of blood from the arteries back into the ventricles
(aotic and pulmonic valve) |
semilunar valve
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this produce lymphocyte and absorp lipid
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lymph sys
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primary response
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initial response T and B activated specific antibodies and memroy cell to the antigen are produced
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secondary response
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immediate response by the membory cell prodced during primry response
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coronary arteries
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blood vessel that supply the heart w/ oxy blood
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coronary vein
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blood vessel that transport deoxy blood from the heart toward the right atrium
vena cava |
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dermis has two layers ?
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papillary and reticular layer
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dermis
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beneath of epidermis contain sweat gland, sense organ, blood vessels, bulb of hair follicles derived from mesoderm
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layer of loose connective tissue below the dermis that binds the dermis to th body
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hypodermis
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calcitonin is released from
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thyroid gland
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this inc blood glucose and in metabolic rate
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epineprine
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layer of epidermis (5)
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stratum basalis
stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum |
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adrenal medulla syn and release what?
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epineprine
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ACTH regulated by?
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corticotrophin releaseing hormone released by hypothalamus
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what is too large to filter thru glumorulus?
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blood cell and protein
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endorphins
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syn and released by the anterior pituitary
inhibitthe perception of pain |
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ex of exocrine gland?
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gallbladder
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ex of endocrine gland
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hypothalamus
pit gland pineal gland thymus testes ovaries adreanal gland thyroid gland parathyroid gland |
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type of sensoryreceptor that monitor the body's position in space
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proprioceptor
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estrogen is released by ??
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ovaries
follicle Corpus leutum placenta |
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estrogen
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responsible for secondary sexual character
responsible for LH spike for ovulation w/progestron block GnRH |
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FSH in male
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maturation of seminiferious tububles and sperm production
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FSH in female
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maturation of ovarian follicle
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