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107 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
3 types of cytoskeleton
microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
organism that require host cell to express their genes and reproducing
obligate intracellular parasite
enzyme w/ two or more active site that can exist in more than one conformation usually an active form or an inactive form
allosteric enzyme
an enzyme that require cofactor in order to become catalytically active
apoenzyme
active enzyme containing all necessary cofactor
holoenzyme
what is michael's constant (km)
ratio of the breakdown of an enzyme substrate complex to its formation in simple michael's menton rxn
low Km indicates a what kind of affinity btw an enzyme and its substrate
strong affinity
competitive inhibitor
on active site of enzyme
overcome by increasing the substance concentration
noncompetive inhibitor
on regulatory site
inc substrate has little effects
molecule other than the substrate that can bind to the allosteric site of an enzyme and either inc its activity (allosteric activator) or dec its activity (allosteric inhibitor)
regulator
enzyme that must undergo processing before it can catalyze rxn
zymogen
these are energy carrier
NAD+, NADP+, FAD
make ATP by aerobic respiration if O2 present but switch to fermentation when O2 is not available
facultative anaerobe
fatty acid activation
fats must be activated using two ATP molecule b4 they can be converted into acetyl coa and enter the citric acid cycle
in liver glycogen is converted to
glucose-6-phosphate
glycolysis net ATP and NADH production?
2ATP 2NADH
pyruvate decarboxylation produce
1 pyruvate to 1 acetyl coa and NADH
centrosome
portion of cell containing centromere
outer layer of cells surrounding the oocyte
theses cells are secreated by follicle cells
coroma radiate
chromosome in their uncoiled active state
it is not visible under light microscope
chromatin
2N
2 copies of each chromosome
usually one from mother and from father
diploid cell
euk somatic cells are diploid or haploid?
diploid
germ cells in human are diploid or haploid?
hapliod
chromosome in a diploid cell that contain different allele for the same trait at corrosponding loci
homologus chromosome
interkinesis
short rest period btw meiosis I and meiosis II during which DNA is not replicated. the ovum remains in interkinesis is fertilized by a sperm
this is cell of leydig in testes and secrete testastrone and other androgen
interstitial cells
zygote split into two embryo
indenticl twin or monozygote twin
this is short lived
polor body
semen is composed of
sperm cell and seminal fluid
primary spermatocyte is
2N
secondary spermatocyte
1n
SPERMATOZOA
MATURE SPERM
after the miotic spindle pulls the sister chromatid apart each chromatid referred as
chromosome
inner layer of cells surrounding the oocyte. these cells are secreted by follicle cells
zona pellucide
penetration of zona pellucida by a sperm forces the secondary oocyte to undergo
meiosis II
embryoic mem that contains the growing embryo's waste produced
allantois
mito and cholroplast are both
semiconservative and double mem
this is in blastula
fluid filled cavity
blastocoel
outermost extra embryonic memb
contributed to the formation of the placenta
chorion
ductus venosus bypass what?
liver
ductus artoles bypass what?
lung
thyroid form from what?
endoderm
what is inner cell mass?
group of cells in blastocyst (mammalian blastula) that develop into the embryo
cells at the tip of the neural fold this group of cells give rise to many components of the peripheral nervous sys
neural crest cell
this formed by the uterus and the extraembryonic membranes of the fetus
placenta
this connects vascalature of the fetus to the placenta
umbleical cored
placenta contains a network of capillary thru which exchange btw the ?
fetal circulation and maternal circulation take place
thisformed by the uterus and the extraembryonic membrane of the fetus
placenta
this contains a network of capillary thru which exchange btw the fetal circulation and maternal circulation take place
placenta
this connects vasculative of the fetus to theplaceta
umbelical cord
pelvis and pectorial girdes
appendicular skeletal
skull, vertebrate, chest
axial skeletal
this is firm and elastic connective tissue
consisting of collagenous fibers embedded in chondrin
cartilge
cartilage is produced by
chondrocytes
compact one is consist of
harvasion sys (osteon)
osteon is
consist of harvasian canal and lamllale
osteoblast develop into
osteocytes
slow twitch muscle fibers
they are primarily aerobic and contain many mitochondria and myoglobin
red fiber
fast twitch muscle fiber
they are primarily anaerobic and fatigue more easily than red fiber
white fiber
contraction so frequent muscle can not relex
frequency summation
refractry period
a short period of time immediately following an action potential in which neuron or muscle cell are unresponsive to stimulus
stimulus much larger than threshold cause an action potential in a cell in a refractory period
refractory period
this is structural unit of skeletal muscle compose of actin and myosin filament
sacromere
this is modified form of endoplasmic retiulum
store Ca2+ which trigger contraction
sarcoplasmic reticulum
transverse tubuler
sys of tubules that provide chanels for ion flow thru the muscle fibers to facilitate the propagation of an actin potential
sponge bone consist of
this consist of a interconnectivity lattice of bony spicules (trabeculae) the cavity btw the spicules contain bone marrow
alkaline fluid from liver stored in gallbladde into duodenum emulsfy fat
bile
spinter btw stomach and SI
pyloric spinter
spinter btw esophagus and stmoch
cardiac spinter
this secrete HCl ad other horman like pepsin in stomach
it is stimulated by gastrin
gastric gland
gland located inthe wall of the stomach that secrete the horman gastrin in response to certain substances in food
pyloric gland
space btw two mem (visveral pleural and parietal pleural) that cover the lung
intrapleural space
throacic cavity volume inc but reducing the pressure in the intrapleural space
negative pressure breathing
amt of air th must present in the air in order to prevent lung collapse
residul volume
this is liquid substance produced bythe lung tht reduce surface tension inthe alveoli
it prevents lung collapse and dec the effort needed to expand the lung
surfactant
volume of air that is normally inhaled or exhaled with each breath
tidal volume
maximum volume of air that can be inhaled or exhaled by the lung with each breath
vital volume
amt of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation
expiratory reserve volume
valve btw Atrium and ventri
atriobentricular valve(tri/bi(mital)cuspid)
inc the conc H+ and CO2 reduces hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen
allowing for the transfer of oxygen to cell that req it most
bohr effect
enzyme tht catalyze the conversion of carbonic acid to CO2 and water as wll a the formation of carbonic acid from CO2 and H2O
carbonic anhydride
the total volume of blood the left ventricle pump into circulation per min
it can be inc heart rate or stroke volume
cardiac output
erythrocyte is aerobic or anaerobic?
anaerobic cell
lymph node
swelling along the lymph vessels where lymph is filtered by leukocytes to remove antige
valve that prevent backflow of blood from the arteries back into the ventricles

(aotic and pulmonic valve)
semilunar valve
this produce lymphocyte and absorp lipid
lymph sys
primary response
initial response T and B activated specific antibodies and memroy cell to the antigen are produced
secondary response
immediate response by the membory cell prodced during primry response
coronary arteries
blood vessel that supply the heart w/ oxy blood
coronary vein
blood vessel that transport deoxy blood from the heart toward the right atrium
vena cava
dermis has two layers ?
papillary and reticular layer
dermis
beneath of epidermis contain sweat gland, sense organ, blood vessels, bulb of hair follicles derived from mesoderm
layer of loose connective tissue below the dermis that binds the dermis to th body
hypodermis
calcitonin is released from
thyroid gland
this inc blood glucose and in metabolic rate
epineprine
layer of epidermis (5)
stratum basalis
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum
adrenal medulla syn and release what?
epineprine
ACTH regulated by?
corticotrophin releaseing hormone released by hypothalamus
what is too large to filter thru glumorulus?
blood cell and protein
endorphins
syn and released by the anterior pituitary
inhibitthe perception of pain
ex of exocrine gland?
gallbladder
ex of endocrine gland
hypothalamus
pit gland
pineal gland
thymus
testes
ovaries
adreanal gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
type of sensoryreceptor that monitor the body's position in space
proprioceptor
estrogen is released by ??
ovaries
follicle
Corpus leutum
placenta
estrogen
responsible for secondary sexual character
responsible for LH spike for ovulation
w/progestron block GnRH
FSH in male
maturation of seminiferious tububles and sperm production
FSH in female
maturation of ovarian follicle