Dante World Religion

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Stories about the past retold because of the values they portray. For example, Jesus has a last supper with his disciples

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Myth

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The position that God's existence is not provable and therefore we should doubt

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Agnosticism

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Prescribed, formalized actions that are used to dramatize religious symbols

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Rituals

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Areguement which states that God is defined as a perfect being, and since existence is one of the qualities of prefection, God must exist, by this very definition

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Ontological Arguement

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Theological explaniation dealing with the problem of evil

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Theodicy

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Says that everything is caused by something else that must have come before it

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Cosmological Argument

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People who are strict about their religious doctrine and ethics. They normally emphasize a literal interpretation of scriptures.

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Fundamentalists

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The doctrine that there are spirits in everything - not just in each person, but in animals, plants, places, and even in natural phenomena

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Animism

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They attempt to use philosophy and rational elaboration to explain or argue religious doctrine

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Theologians

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The specific teachings of a denomination on the nature of the deity, sin, salvation and/or afterlife.

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Doctrine

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A government run by religion, or at lest one in which the religious leaders have a great deal of influence.

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Theocracy

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A system of symbols, myths, doctrines, ethics, and rituals for the expression of ultimate relevance

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Religion

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The position that no deity exists

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Atheism

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Something that is used to represent something else

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Symbol

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The position that people are basically good and can work out their own salvation

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Humanism

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The blending that takes place when different religions come into contact

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Syncretism

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The term for sacred writings.

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Scripture

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The position that only one deity exists

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Monotheism

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`They seek to attain an altered state of consciousness that they understand as intimate union with the deity

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Mystics

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A ritual offering of something to a deity

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Sacrifice

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Saw humans as evil

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Cynics

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The use of ritual to manipulate spirits or natural phenomena for utilitarian or ulterior relevance. The attempt to manipulate spiritual forces

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Magic

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Rituals for coming of age; initiation into adulthood

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Puberty Rite

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Dualist philosopher, transmigration; student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle

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Plato

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Medicine man; a figure prominent in the religion of tribal cultures; performs a variety of rituals such as exorcisms

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Shaman

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Fertility goddess prevalent in Hellenistic times

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Great Mother

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A father, creator god who has withdrawn from active intervention in the world; a feature of many tribal religions

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High God

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Puberty rite of American Indians; young man is sent into the wilderness for communion with spirits

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Vision Quest

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Since there is so much structure and apparent purpose in the natural world, there must be a God who set the planets in their orbits and designed the body. Also known as the design argument.

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Teleological Argument

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Advocated self-control

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Stoics

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Greek pantheon of deities, headed by Zues

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Olympian

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A term implying peaceful interaction with other beings; non-injury

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Ahimsa

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Shamanic figure who uses folk medicine (e.g. North american Indians)

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Medicine Man

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Stone monument centers for rituals (e.g. Stonehenge for the Celts)

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Megaliths

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Greek deity, head of Olympian pantheon

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Zeus

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14th - 15th century Mexican civilization; emphasis is on priests, theriomorphic polytheism, multiple creation, human sacrifice, and calendar-based divination

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Aztec

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Using rituals to drive out evil spirits; performed by shamans, priests, sorcerers, witch doctors

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Exorcism

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Something forbidden for ordinary use

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Taboo

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Greek shrines, emphasized divination

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Oracles

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Period which began around 300 B.C.E with Alexander's conquests

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Hellenistic

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Greek philosopher, teacher of Plato, taught by asking questions

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Socrates

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Ascetic, dualist mystics; prevalent in early common era

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Gnostics

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Said that pleasure was the greatest good

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Epicureans

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Greek deity whose worship has a drunken orgy in which a live animal would be devoured

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Dionysius

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The last pare of the Vedas consisting of philosophical materials; became the basis for post-classical Hinduism

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Upanishads

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Hindu preserver deity

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Vishnu

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Upanishad concept of the human soul; at it core is equivalent to Brahman

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Atman

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Absolute reality; the pantheistic deity of Upanishads and Vendanta Hinduism

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Brahman

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Earliest and most sacred of all Hindu literature; described Aryan conquest, castes polytheistic

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Vedas

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Hindu bodily exercises for mystical experience

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Yoga

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Region of civilization arising between Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Iraq); emphasis on divination, creation myths

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Mesopotamia

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Self-denial of pleasure; self-imposition of hardship to achieve spiritual advancement

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Aceeticism

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A very ascetic Indian religion; atheist, dualist, non-injury to animals; Mahavira was its major proponent in the 6th century B.C.E.

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Jainism

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Hindu book composed between the 1st century B.C.E. and the 2nd century C.E. in the wake of the Upanishads, Buddhism, and Jainism; it accepted karma and transmigration, but discourage the mystical approach to salvation, defending instead devotion to caste duties and theistic devotion to specific deities

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Bhagavad Gita

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The doctrine that the good or bad consequences of deeds impacts one's reincarnation

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Karma

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Hindu rigid system of heredity social class 1. priests 2. warriors and nobles 3. merchants and artisans 4. peasants and ..rkers

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Caste

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The Hindu destroyer deity

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Shiva

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Hindu creator diety

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Brahma

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An incarnation of a Hindu deity

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Avatar

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Nonviolent leader of political independence in India

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Gandhi

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Buddhist and Hindu term for doctrine

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Dharma

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Religion blending some elements of Islam and Hinduism, founded by Nanak in 15th century in Northern India

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Sikh

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Discourse on the last things; judgement, afterlife

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Eschatology

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A Hindu, Jain or Sikh spiritual leader or teacher

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Guru

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the Hindu goddess, consort of Shiva, who demands sacrifice

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Kali

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The highest caste (priests) in India

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Brahmin

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The Hindu avatar of Vishnu and hero of the Bhagavad Gita

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Krishna

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The Roman Catholic doctrine that the bread and wine of th Eucharist become the body of blood and Christ

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Transubstantiation

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Third person of the Trinity; indwelling spirit of God in Christians; also known as Holy Ghost

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Holy Spirit

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Part of the Bible describing Jesus and the Apostles; it is composed of th four gospels, the Book of Acts, and many epistles by Paul, Peter, John, James, and Jude

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New Testament

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To recount one's sins

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Confession

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A 2nd century Christian heresy which rejected the God of the Old Testement

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Marcionism

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a 1st century Christian convert who wrote many of the New Testament epistles

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Paul

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The bishop of Rome and the head of the Catholic church

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Pope

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Medieval Catholic practice of letting people give money to the Church to escape or lessen time in Purgatory

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Indulgence

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The sacrament of full initiation into the church

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Confirmation

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A Catholic theologian who synthesized Plato and Christianity. He believed the Catholic church administers the sacraments and was a major opponent of Pelagius and Donatus

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Augustine

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Rituals and/or liturgies specifically in the Catholic church

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Sacrament

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The rite of initiation or conversion into the fold; sometimes involves water immersion

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Baptism

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a liturgical service of the Catholic Church divided into two parts; the Liturgy of the Word which includes Scripture readings, and the Liturgy of the Eucharist which culminates with the Communion rite. The central part of the Liturgy of the Eucharist is recalling the words and actions of Jesus at the Last Supper when he told his disciples to "do this in memory of me"

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Mass

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1st century movement emphasizing secret knowledge about dualism of matter/spirit; foundation of many heresies

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Gnosticism

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Wars launched by the Catholic popes in order to re-conquer Palestine from Muslims.

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Crusades

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Early Christian heresy; "if the priest is a sinner, his sacraments are no good;" Augstine opposed this doctrine, arguing that the Catholic church is Holy, and so are it sacraments, regardless of the priest.

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Donatism

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Christian holy day celebrating the resurrection of Jesus

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Easter

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Christian doctrine of one God as three persons: The Father, the Son (Jesus) and the Holy Spirit

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Trinity

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The major figures in the early Christian Church, the disciples chosen by Jesus in Galilee, then later, by Paul

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Apostles

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The first four books of the New Testament. Translated "good news" and recount the life of Jesus and salvation

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Gospel

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Christian denominations growing out of Europe's Reformation of the 16th century

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Protestant

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The model of Jesus on the Cross

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Crucifix

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A 2nd century heresy that saw the beginnings of the bestowal of the Spirit. Claimed that dates were set for the return of Christ

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Montanism

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To declare someone a saint in the Catholic church or to declare writings to be authoritative scripture

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Canonize

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Symbolic stories used by Jesus to teach a lesson

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Parables

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A catholic theologian who synthesized Aristotle with Catholicism

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Thomas Aquinas

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The 21 books of the New Testament which are long formal letters written by Apostles to Christians often intended to instruct the members of the early church during the first days of Christianity

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Epistles

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What the Church of England is called in the U.S.; similar to Catholics in ritual; Priests can marry

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Epicopalian

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A council or ongoing group of bishops for church government or formulation of doctrine

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Synod

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16th - 17th century norther European formation of Protestant denominations

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Reformation

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a meditative, mystical sect of Buddhism in China and Japan

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Zen

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Honorific title given to persons who led exemplary lives. Paul used the term to describe early Christians in general. Some Christian denominations believe that, like angels, saints can intercede for them before God

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Saint

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Holy communion; Lord's Supper; a Christian ritual of bead and wine in remembrance of Christ

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Eucharist

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Protestant denomination growing out of puritans; emphasizes governance by councils over local churches; influenced by Calvinist doctrine

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Presbyterianism