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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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There are three primary causes of calf-hood diarrhea. What are they? |
E. coli, Salmonella, and Clostridium perfringens type C |
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When might the bacterial causes of calf-hood diarrhea present themselves? So what etiology causes diarrhea when? |
E. coli - less than 3 days old Salmonella - 1-6 weeks old Clostridium perfringens type C - 5-15 days old |
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What viral agents are known to cause calf-hood diarrhea? There are 3 mentioned? |
Rotavirus, Coronavirus and BVD
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What is the common parasitic agent to think of when thinking of Calf-hood diarrhea? There are 2. |
Cryptosporidium parvum and Coccidiosis (Eimeria spp) |
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Typically when would cryptosporidium present itself in a calf and how? |
Diarrhea at 5-35 days of age |
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What does Coccidiosis present as and typically when in a calf? |
Diarrhea over 17 days of age |
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What surgical options exist for the repair of a displaced abomasum in cattle? Generally speaking there are 3. |
Rolling the cow. Surgically. Blind Suture technique. |
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Describe what rolling a cow would look like in repairing a displaced abomasum? |
Rolling through a 180-degree arc on the right side. Recurrence is likely |
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What are the surgical corrections for a displaced abomasum? There are 5... |
Right flank pyloric omentopexy, right paramedian abomasopexy, left paralumbar abomasopexy, combined left and right paramedian laproscopy or left flank laparoscopy. |
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What methods can a Veterinarian use to distinguish an LDA ping from a rumen ping? There are 3. |
LDA has a higher pitch.
If rumen happens to be contracting while ping is happening, it is most likely an LDA. Rumen ping is not as ventral as LDA and may not have fluid succession. |
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Name the common agents that cause contagious mastitis? |
Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylcoccus aureus, Mycoplasma spp. |
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Name some things to help minimize/eliminate the spread of contagious mastitis in a herd of dairy animals? |
Teat dipping, pre and post. Dry cow therapy - intramammary treatment of all quarters in last milking of lactation (at dry off). Culling. Segregation. Vaccination. Lactational therapy of Clinical Mastitis (abx therapy to sick animals). |
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What are the common agents that cause environmental mastitis? |
Coliform bacteria - E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter Species of Strep other than Strep agalactiae. |
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Name of methods of control that you would recommend to minimize/eliminate the spread of environmental mastitis in a herd of dairy animals?
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Teat dipping, pre and post. Dry Cow therapy, admin of abx to each quarter when dry. Udder prep, clean and dry teats! Vaccination. Diet- healthy cows are happy cows - deficient in Vit A or E, beta carotene, or trace mineral selenium, copper, zinc, can lead to increased incidence of environmental mastitis. |
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What is ketosis? |
Abnormal increase in ketone bodies. A metabolic disorder characterized by hypoglycemia. |
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How does ketosis condition develop in ruminants? When? |
Inability of cow to meet energy demands for lactation because glucose needs have increased --> insufficient energy --> hypoglycemia and fat mobilization --> decreased feed intake because they feel shitty --> feel worse --> may appear weak and incoordination --> increase ketones seen in urine and blood |
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How much do energy demands increase for a cow from late pregnancy to early lactation? |
2.7x |
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Ketosis has two other names? |
Acetonemia and Ketonemia. |
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Rumen microbes ferment carbohydrates to yield VFAs. What are the three primary VFAs? |
Acetate, Propionate and Butyrate. |
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What are each of the three primary VFAs destined for? |
Acetic acid - precursor for milk fat. Proprionic acid - precursor for glucose. Butyric acid - primarily used by rumen papilla. |
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VFA review: Acetic acid is primarily metabolized how and into what? |
Oxidized throughout most of the body to generate ATP. |
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VFA review: Acetic acid is important as a major source of __________ for synthesis of lipids. |
Acetyl CoA |
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VFA review: Proprionic acid is metabolized where? |
It is removed from the portal blood by the liver. |
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VFA review: Proprionate is metabolized by the liver into? |
Proprionic acid |
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VFA review: Proprionate serves as a major substrate for what? |
Gluconeogenesis. |
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Gluconeogenesis is less important than actual glucose reaching the small intestine for absorption. True or False. |
FALSE. Almost no glucose reaches the small intestine for absorption, making gluconeogenesis absolutely critical. |
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VFA review: Butyrate is largely removed where? |
rumen |
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VFA review: Butyric acid is removed in what form? |
As the ketone beta-hydroxybutyric acid |
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VFA review: The ketone beta-hydroxybutyric acid is utilized where and how? |
It is oxidized in many tissues for energy production. |
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There are 5 antibiotics that are labeled for use in pink eye, what are they? |
Penicillin, Oxytetracycline, Florphenicol, Ceftiofer, Tulathromycin |
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What is bovine pinkeye really called? |
Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis |
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What is the etiology of Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis? |
Moraxella bovis |
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Reproduction: What are the 4 positive signs of pregnancy from a rectal palpation standpoint? |
Fetal membrane slip. Amniotic Vesicle. Placentomes. Fetus. |
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Reproduction: A membrane slip is felt at how many days? |
30-45 days |
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Reproduction: Amniotic vesicle can be felt at how many days throughout gestation? |
28d, 45-60d (hens egg), 60-90d (grapefruit) |
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Reproduction: Placentome can be felt at how many days? |
120-150d (quarter sized), 150-180 days (50 cent piece), 180-210d (silver dollar) |
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Reproduction: Fetus can be felt at how many days throughout gestation? |
60-90d (rat), 90-120d (small cat), 120-150d (large cat), 180-210d (medium sized dog) |
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Reproduction: Estrous is a bovine is how long? |
~21 days |
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Reproduction: Estrus is how long in the bovine species? When is ovulation? |
18 hours and ovulation is 12 hours after the end of estrus |
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Reproduction: What are the stages of estrous and how long do they last for bovine species |
Estrus: day 0 Metestrus: day 1-5 Diestrus: day 6-17 Proestrus: days 18-estrus |
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Reproduction: What is the name of the commonly used GnRH analogue used in cattle? Three. |
Cystorelin, Facterel, Fertagyl |
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Reproduction: How do the GnRH analogues act? |
As gonadotropin releasing hormone. |
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Reproduction: GnRH is released from what? |
Hypothalamus |
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Reproduction: GnRH causes the release of what? |
LH and FSH from anterior pituitary |
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Cows must become pregnant how soon after calving to achieve optimum milk production and calve every 12.5 months? |
85 days. |
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Heat is shown ideally by how many days post calving? |
50 days. |
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Prostaglandins require what for animals to respond? |
Have a functional CL. |
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CIDR stands for what? |
Controlled internal drug release. |
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CIDR are used how in dairy cows? Why? |
Inserted into the vagina to release progesterone slowly over a seven day period. To prevent heat expression. |
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What are CIDRs? |
T-shaped inserts that are placed in the vagina. |
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What is the course of a CIDR? |
Day 0: Inserted into the vagina Day 6: PGF injection Day 7: Remove CIDR Day 7-12: Heat detect and AI |
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Describe the timeline of Presync-Ovsync? |
Presync: 2 PGF injections 14 days apart Ov-sync: 14 days later: GnRH 7 days later: PGF ~48 hours later: GnRH ~8-18 hours later: TAI |
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Describe the timeline of Ovsync? |
Day 0: GnRH Day 7 PGF 48 hours later GnRH Fixed time AI ~8-18 hours later |
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Describe what's happening during the timeline of a Presync-Ovsync? |
Presync: 2 PGF 14 d apart to force CL rupture. If there isn't mature enough CL nothing will happen so we give 2 to get everyone on track. Day -7: GnRH --> causes ovulation (previous PGF allowed us to ensure follicle maturation) Day 0: PGF --> CL rupture. Day 2-3: GnRH --> we have maturing folices for sure. Fixed time AI 48 |
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What is the trade name of PGF2alpha analogue commonly used in food animals? |
Lutalyse, Estrumate |
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What do PGF analogues do? |
Causes the CL to regress |
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What is the withdrawal time for PGF analogues? |
According to FARAD there are no specific times. |
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What is Pre-sync and what are the intervals? |
Two injections of PGF2 that are given 14 days apart. |
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Pre-sync is performed prior to Ov-sync . True or False. |
True |
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Describe Ov-sync intervals? |
Day 1: GnRH Day 7: PGF2 48 hours: GnRH ~8-18 hours: TAI |
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Referring to the Ov-sync program why is PGF2 given 7 days after GnRH? |
To ensure that follicles have ovulation and a sufficient CL is formed to be affected by PGF2. |
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Describe the Co-sync program? |
Day 1: GnRH Day 7: PGF2 48-64 hours: GnRH and TAI |
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The Co-sync program is used more often in what industry? |
Beef |
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What does "Average days open" mean and what is its significance? What is the national average? |
Time from when cows calve until when she conceives.
National Average is 165 days. |
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What is the national average pregnancy rate for dairy cattle? |
15.1% |
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What does the term voluntary waiting period mean? |
It is the number of days following calving that a producer voluntarily waits before breeding a cow. |
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When is fremitus palpable in the middle uterine artery? |
Felt at 150-180 days. |
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What is a fremitus? |
Palpable turbulence, in this case in the uterine artery. |
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A palpable fremitus means what? |
To some it is a positive sign of pregnancy since rarely is it present in a non-pregnant individual. |
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Define dry cows. |
Not producing milk, typically 50-70 days prior to calving
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Define fresh cows |
A cow that has recently given birth
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What a cow is 2 weeks fresh what does that mean? |
She calved 2 weeks ago. |
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Excenel, Excede and Naxcel are what drug? What is the withdrawal time for milk? Slaughter? |
Ceftiofur. No milk withdrawal. 4 days for slaughter. |
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Oxytetracycline has what milk and slaughter withdrawal times? |
Milk: 4 days Slaughter: 28 days |
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Penicillin has what milk and slaughter withdrawal times? |
Milk: 2 days Slaughter: 6 days |
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What is the penalty on a dairy whose bulk tank is found to contain violative antibiotic residues? |
Disposal of milk Suspension of Grade A permit Future pick ups are prohibited until subsequent testing reveals milk is free of drug residue. Penalty is value of all milk on contaminated load plus costs associated with disposition of load. Follow up investigations to determine cause. |
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Which sulfur-based medications are approved for use in lactating dairy cows? |
Sulfadimethoxine (Albon) Sulfabromethazine (Sulfabrom, use for pododermatitis) Sulfaethoxypyridazine (used for anti-coccidial pneumonia) Others prohibited. |
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What is the brand name for Sulfadimethoxine and what is it typically used for? |
Albon Treatment of necrotic pododermatitis (foot rot), bacterial pneumonia, shipping fever complex and calf diphtheria. |
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What is the brand name for sulfabromomethazine and what is it typically used for? |
Sulfabrom Treatment of necrotic pododermatitis (foot rot) calf diphtheria caused by F. necroforum colibacillosis (scours) caused by E coli bacterial pneumonia bovine respiratory disease complex (shipping fever) associated with Pasteurella spp acute metritis and mastitis caused by Strep spp. |
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Sulfaethoxypyridazine, how is it administered and what does it treat? |
SEZ in drinking water.
Anticoccidial.
Also treats respiratory infections (pneumonia and shipping fever), necrotic pododermatitis (foot rot), and calf scours.
Also as an adjunct therapy in septicemia accompanying mastitis and metritits |
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When can sulfabromomethazine, sulfadimethoxine, and sulfaethoxypyridizine be administered to cows? |
Do not use in cows 20 months or older because of residues in milk |
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What is an OTC drug? |
A drug that can be used safely or if its methods of use are safe without a veterinarian |
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Name 4 OTCs commonly used on dairies? |
Procaine penicilloin G, Erythromycin, Oxytetracyclin, Sulfadimethoxine, Neomycin, Aspirin, Tylosin. |
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Which FDA-approved antibiotic is safe for use in calves, but is fatal when injected in goats, swine and people (accidental exposure)? |
Tilmicosin: Cattle and sheep only! |
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Which vein is often used for the easy administration of <5cc of medication to cattle? |
Tail vein. |
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What is the etiologic agent for bovine brucellosis? |
Brucella abortus |
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What is the etiologic agent for Brucellosis of swine? |
Brucella suis: swine |
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In what amount of time does brucellosis have to be reported? |
Within 2 days |
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Is there a vaccine available for Bovine brucellosis? What type of vaccine is it and what is the prescribed route of administration? |
Yes. RB51 is a live vaccine. Must be administered by a Veterinarian. |
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Who and when should calves be vaccinated for brucellosis? |
Heifers between 4-12 months.
Not bulls: can cause orchitis. |
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What are the three components of the brucellosis tattoo and what does each component mean? |
At the time of vaccination: Right ear identifies the RB51 vaccine and the year in which vaccination took place. V + last digit of the year of vaccination. So RV2 would be 2012 RB51 vaccinate. |
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True or False. Do NOT give more than 2 gram negative vaccines at the same time. |
TRUE |
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What does the term Rolling Herd Average mean? |
The annual overall performance and efficiency of all cows in a herd. This is not a direct measure of profitability however. |
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What does TMR mean? |
Total mixed ration |
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When and how much colostrum should be administered to a calf? |
7-10% of body weight in the first 6 hours. Then another 2 liters within 12 hours. |
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When and how much colostrum should be administered to kids and lambs? |
Kids and Lambs: 10-20% of its body weight in colostrum within 3-12 hours after birth |
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At what stage of gestation can a bovine conceptus be palpated manually per rectum? |
U/S: 25-28 days Palpation: 35-40 days |
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Between days 30-90 of pregnancy which pregnancy detection methods may be used? |
U/S: looking for a heartbeat Membrane slip Amniotic vesicle At 90+ fetus and placentomes |
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What stage of gestation can a bovine conceptus usually be detected using trans-rectal U/S? |
After 25-28 days |
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For trans-rectal U/S for pregnancy detection, what probes would one need? |
T5.0 and 7.5MHz linear-array transducers |
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A 5.0 MHz transducer compared to a 7.5MHz how? |
5.0 MHz gives greater tissue penetration and less image detail. 7.5 MHz gives you less penetration but greater image detail. |
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What is the best way to ensure adequate immunity in calves during the neonatal period? |
Administer an adequate volume of colostrum containing up to 50g/L of IgG to newly born calves within 2 hours post partum. |
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According to your formative quiz, when refractometry is used to determine adequacy of passive transfer in healthy calves, what is thpe minimum acceptable serum total protein/total solids concentration? |
5.2 g/dl |
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It is important to ensure that calves receive what minimal serum IgG concentration which is indicative of adequate passive transfer? |
1000 mg/dl |
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What is adequate passive transfer in dehydrated sick calves under 2 weeks of age? What is the minimum serum total protein? |
6.0 g/dl 5.5 g/dl |
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What are some factors that influence the quality of colostrum? |
Parity, breed and dam, and length of dry period |
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What is the maximum age at which evaluation of the calf's serum IgG or total protein concentration will still provide useful information about its passive transfer status during the neonatal period? |
Up to 2 weeks of age |
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What happens to serum IgG that makes it only a useful for diagnostic purposes in a calf up to 2 weeks of age? |
The IgG molecule undergo isotype switching by the end of the two weeks. |
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True or False. Ensuring passive transfer in neonatal calves will guarantee that these animals will never become infected by pathogens during the neonatal period. |
FALSE. |
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What are 7 major factors that the formative quiz highlighting as far as having an impact on passive transfer in neonatal calves and which dairymen can exercise immediate and direct control post-parturition. |
Time of colostrum collection.
Colostrum quality/total mass of IgG. Bacterial contamination of colostrum Method of colostrum administration. Time to/age at first colostrum feeding Volume of colostrum administration at first feeding. Pooling of colostrum. |
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What are some important things to remember when ensuring adequate passive transfer in terms of long term benefits, morbidity and mortality? |
Increased weight gain. Higher milk production during the first two lactations in Dairy cattle. Improved feed efficiency. Reduced likelihood of culling during the first lactation. Reduced mortality in neonatal and juvenile calves. |
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What is the normal pH of milk? |
6.6 |
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HACCP stands for what? |
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point. |
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What are some physical contaminants controlled by? |
Cow comfort: dry and clean pens. Wash pens, Milking Preparation and milk line filters. |
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What are some chemical contaminants controlled by? |
Appropriate drug use and withdrawal times. FDA approved pre-dips and technique. Water and feed analysis where appropriate residue testing. |
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What are some microbial hazard control measures for human health? |
Milking equipment and system wash up such as refrigeration, milk system design and wash chemicals and temperatures. Pasteurization |
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According to Dr. Reynolds the times and temperatures of pasteurization are set to decrease the numbers of what three human pathogens? |
Brucella. Mycobacteria tuberculosis Coxiella burnetti (Q fever) |
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Mastitis is defined as what and is almost always caused by what?
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Inflammation of the mammary gland. Almost always associated with bacterial infection. |
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According to Dr Reynolds there are 4 indicators of measuring milk quality? |
Somatic cell count. Coliform count. Laboratory pasteurization count. Standard plate count (raw count). |
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According to the CDFA what is the national standard for Grade A milk for somatic cell count ? |
750,000 cells/ml
https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/ahfss/milk_and_dairy_food_safety/milk_standards.html |
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According to the CDFA what is the California standard for SCC for Grade A milk? |
600,000 cells/ml https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/ahfss/milk_and_dairy_food_safety/milk_standards.html |
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What is the federal and California standard for Grade A milk in terms of coliforms? |
Federal: no standard California: Not to exceed 750 cells/ml |
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What does a high standard plate count indicate? |
Bacteria from mastitis. |
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What is the federal and California standard for Standard plate counts for Grade A milk? |
Federal: 100,000 cells/ml California 50,000 cells/ml |
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What is required from the health department in regards to milk testing? |
Standard plate counts. Laboratory Pasteurized Count. Coliform count. SCC. |
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What is the limit on laboratory pasteurized counts federally and for California for Grade A milk? |
Federal: no standard California: Not to exceed 750/ml |
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What is the federal and California limits on Grade A milk coliform counts? |
Federal: No standard California: Not to exceed 750/ml |
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What does SCC indicate in a cow or herd? |
The amount of inflammation (mastitis). |
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SCC is composed of what? |
90% WBCs: mainly macrophages and neurtophils Some epithelial cells from the gland. NOT bacteria |
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SCC numbers overall indicate what? |
The health of the mammary glands. |
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SCC is expressed in two different ways. |
Direct or Linear |
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There are several things that can affect the SCC of a cow, name a few. |
Age of cow. Lactation status. Diurnal variation. SCC counting machine. |
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Treatment CAN be based on SCC. True or False? |
FALSE. |
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What is the estimated production loss if the SCC for the bulk tank is 500,000cells/ml? |
About 6% |
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The California Mastitis Test does what? |
Lyses somatic cells allowing DNA to coagulate |
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How is the California Mastitis Test graded? |
0 or Negative: mixture remains liquid with no evidence of precipitation. 1 or Trace: a slight precipitation forms and then disappears 2 or Weak positive: distinct precipitate 3 or strong postitive: mixture thickens with some gel formation |
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Pathogens that cause mastitis can be discussed from two different perspectives? |
By source or by clinical aspect. |
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In terms of mastitis pathogens by source, what are the two categories? |
Contagious or environmental |
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In terms of mastitis pathogen discussion in regards to the clinical aspect, what are the categories? There are 5 according to the powerpoint. |
Peracute. Acute. Chronic. Clinical. Subclinical |
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Organisms that cause mastitis are categorized how? |
Environmental or Contagious |
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Contagious mastitis can often present as what making it more difficult to control? |
Subclinical mastitis |
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Several organisms are classified as contagious mastitis. There are 5 listed in Reynolds ppt. |
Strep agalactia, Strep uberis, Strep Dysgalactia, Staph aureus, Mycoplasma spp |
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Environmental Mastitis pathogens according to the ppt of Reynolds states which organisms are of concern? |
Strep spp (uberis and dysgalactia), Coliforms (E coli, Klebsiella and Enterococcus, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Staph spp, |
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What is the primary source of Contagious mastitis within a herd? |
Udders of infected cows. |
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When does contagious mastitis generally spread within a herd? |
Spread from infected quarters is primarily at milking time |
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A herd with contagious mastitis problems creates what two diagnostically concerning issues? Really they are linked but Dr Reynolds has them separate in his ppt |
high BTSCC and high SCC in cows |
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Thre primary pathogens that cause of contagious mastitis? |
Strep agalactia, Staph aureus, Mycoplasma (bovis, californicum, bovigenitalium, canadense) |
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Strep agalactia is an Obligate udder inhabitant that survives for long periods in the environment and on the hands. True or False. |
FALSE. Strep agalactia is an obligate udder inhabitant but doesn't survive very long on hands or in the environment.
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Strep agalactia shedding only alters the BTSCC if a lot of cows are shedding. True or False.
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FLASE. It only takes a few cows |
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Effective Strep ag treatment. Do individuals respond well? |
Beta lactams IMM very affective. Response is good with little residual tissue damage.
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What is considered the easiest contagious mastitis pathogen to control, even eradicate (Dr. Brandt said so too). |
Strep agalactiae |
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------ |
slide 55 |
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Microbiology: How can one diagnostically tell the difference between gram + and gram - bacteria? |
KOH (snot test) or gram stain |
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Microbiology: On Maconkey agar, what is the difference between pink and clear or mucoid colonies? |
Pink are lactose fermenters, clear or mucoid are not. |
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Microbiology: How does E. coli appear on agar, be it blood or Macconkey? |
Blood: Flat, Grey mucoid colonies. Macconkey : same but pink. Larger than strep or staph colonies. |
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Microbiology: Klebsiella colonies appear on blood or macconkey agar how? |
Blood: same as E coli but raised/dome shaped. Think fisheye apperance. Macconkey: same but pink. Larger colonies than strep or staph |
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If you don't lac-toes you can work as a Very Pretty Sneaky SPY. |
Non-lactose fermenters: Vibrio, Pneudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus and Yersinia. |
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If you do lac-toes at least you have a KnEE. |
Lactose fermenters: Klebsiella, E. coli, Enterobacter |
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Why are there downed cows? According to Dr Reynolds ppt |
Injuries and accidents like calving paralysis, slippery surfaces, metabolic problems, estrus mounting, transportation and facility problems to name a few |
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What are 4 metabolic reasons for downed cows? |
Hypocalcemia (milk fever, Hypophosphatemia, Hypomagnesemia (grass tetany), Hypokalemia |
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What are the top 3 reasons for downed cows according to Dr Reynolds? |
Injury, calving paralysis and mastitis
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4 things to do in managing crush syndrome? |
Slings or hip lifts to aid in walking, prop up in sternal recumbency with bales of hay, rolling side to side every 2 hours and water baths
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Microbiology: What are the 3 types of hemolysis? |
Alpha hemolysis -Partial lysis of RBCs
Beta hemolysis - Complete lysis of RBCs. Gamma hemolysis - Absence of RBC lysis. |
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Microbiology: What do the 3 types of hemolysis look like? |
Alpha hemolysis - partial lysis of RBCs. Often greenish tint, translucent and dark. Beta hemolysis - complete hemolysis of RBCs. Clear zone around colonies. Transparent. Gamma hemolysis - absence of RBC lysis. Opaque. |
