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130 Cards in this Set

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cattle

non-descript term referring to a bovine of any sex/age

cow

any age female bovine that has given birth

steer

castrated male bovine

stag

castrated male that still shows secondary sex characteristics

who is #1 in the world for cattle numbers

India

The US raises approx _(a)_% of world's cattle, produces _(b)_% of world's beef & veal, consume approx _(c)_% of world's beef, but only has _(d)_% of world's population

a. 7.1% b. 21% c. 16.6% d. 4.7%

in __ states cattle outweighs people

9 states

TN is a cow/calf state and ranks __ in the US beef cow numbers

15th

What are the six most important factors of cow/calf management

repro, nutrition, record keeping, herd health, marketing, genetics

____ is probably the most important for successful cow/calf production

reproduction

what is parturition in cattle called

Calving

what is an open cow/heifer & what is the problem with them?

female that is not pregnant & bc they cost a lot of money

what is the most important factor in repro?

a calf is better than no calf

why is it good to have uniform management practices?

heath management practices can be preformed simultaneously, rather than year round on individual calves

what is TN's average calf crop percentage


(National avg is relatively the same)

76%

what are some reasons calves are lost

1. calves are born dead, 2. fetus aborted at some point in pregnancy, 3. calf is lost sometime after birth, 4. cow never becomes prego

a stock barn is known for

problem cattle! you get what you pay for!!

If a bull is fertile he will typically have __% pregnancy rate w 25 females... but if infertile it will steeply decline to __%

88%.......0%

__% of a herd genetics will come from a bull, making the bull an extremely vital and usually most important to a herd.

75%

2 main things to consider when buying a bull

the bulls genetics and BSE (breeding soundness exam)

certain aspects of Genetics

phenotype, performance testing (ADG, feed converesion, yearling and weaning weights), EPD

What are the 6 most important factors of cow/calf management

Repro, Nutrition, Record Keeping, Herd Health, Marketing, Genetics

BSE

Physical exam to determine bull-breeding soundness

Motility

30% minimum

morphology

really strict 70% is normal

how many days to make sperm

61

one cow for every month of age of the bull

from 12 months up to 30 months of age

breeding seasons need to be approx __ days

60-90 days

in TN the typical breeding season lasts __ days

365 days

Estrous cycle length is ___ days

21 days

Gestation length is __ days

285 days

heifers should be bred at ___ months in order to calve at __ months of age

14-15 months : 24 months

duration of estrus

18 hours

Freemartin

female born twin to a bull. these will be sterile. Bull is almost always fine

ways of estrus detection

visual observation, heat patch, heat watch system

heat synchronization

the estrous cycle of a a group of cows is artificially manipulated in order that they all come into estrous at the same time

herd health... best method of controlling disease within

prevention first and secondly early detection

Common vaccination for Tn beef herd calves

Blackleg, IBR, BI3, BRSV

common vaccination for TN beef herd cows

Leptosprirosis

Elastrator
Bloodless castration, used for small testicles, uses small rubber bands
Emasculatome
Bloodless castration, crushes spermatic cord but does not cut skin, also does not crush arteries to scrotum, less risk of flies bothering scrotum, only clam one side at a time
Emasculator
Cut and crush spermatic cord
Blade & crushing part. Blade always placed facing the festival, "nut to nut".. This is helpful once the bottom 1/3 of scrotum is cut off
Newberry knife
Not bloodless, useful for opening the scrotum, pinch shut on scrotum, pull down in one swift motion, safe
Obstetrical Chains and Handle
Useful for pulling calves, helps apply force to assist in birth, chains looped around legs of calf *calves are slippery so this is helpful
Calf Jack (aka Calf Puller)
Used when more force is needed. Must be careful as too much force can be applied
Electric dehorners
Hot iron method of dehorning. Put over bud and rotate. Burns all tissue so horns cannot grow back. When skin? Turns copper, you're done
Barnes dehorner
2-8 mo of age is generally best, adequate force applied, can administer lidocaine block, put over bud and pull out (can be bloody) and when you pull out- you're done, can't go wrong.. Go back with hot iron to cauterize and stop bleeding
Tube Dehorner
Not useful on large horns, place cutting edge over horn, press down, & twist one way then the other until you cut skull. Stop bleeding w electric dehorners and not as popular as other methods
Permanent v. Nonpermanent
Shows and breed associations require permanent. Both types will be discussed. Pros & cons to both
Plastic ear tag applicator
Useful for identification purposes and record keeping. Must have correct applicator. Not permanent. Can be ripped out & dry rot
Metal ear tag
Small metal piece w number, disadvantage is that they are difficult to read, variety of colors, not permanent
Tattoo gun
Perm id, comes w numbers you change out. Hard to read from distance, usually done on ears
Hot iron brand
Longer than a cold iron brand, burns the hide and heals back, has to be hot enough- hot wood fire works best, iron should be light ash color, black irons are too cold.
Brand laws out west, skin abrasions for them
Cold iron brand
Uses refrigerant to cool irons, produces a white haired brand, destroys natural pigment in hair, can also use liquid nitrogen
Rumen magnet
Collects hardware animal might ingest, prevents hardware disease, this is caused by hardware puncturing lining rumen, magnet helps collect metal and prevent it from migrating
Balling gun
Used to administer pills/boluses, diff sizes available, plastic /metal
Steers are of greater value than __
Heifers
Steers have a higher value bc 1,2,3
Grow faster, have higher feed conversions, & produce higher cutability carcasses
Steers are of greater value than __
Heifers
Steers have a higher value bc 1,2,3
Grow faster, have higher feed conversions, & produce higher cutability carcasses
__ cattle are priced higher than ___ weight cattle
Lightweight, heavy
___ weight cattle require more financial input to reach market
Light
___ weight cattle require more financial input to reach market
Light
__ cattle are more expensive than __ cattle
Young, older
Young cattle have a __ opportunity for ___ weight gain
Greater, higher
What can have the greatest affect on feeder and stocker prices?
Breed/ breed type
Breed influence on __ tends to be area specific
Price
What is BQA?
Beef quality assurance
Factors of BQA??
Coop effort betwn beef producers, vets, nutritionists, extension staff & other beef professionals. Goal is to ensure the consumer that all cattle shipped from beef production units are safe and met all standards
What is BQA?
Beef quality assurance
Factors of BQA??
Coop effort betwn beef producers, vets, nutritionists, extension staff & other beef professionals. Goal is to ensure the consumer that all cattle shipped from beef production units are safe and met all standards
The __ program is completed through edu of the producer & consumer as to the assurances of the product
BQA
Animal and herd health focus(7)
Correct meds, med handling & storage, correct med dosage & injection site, withdrawal period on med used, record of all med use, nutrition, handling of livestock during shipping
What are some (2) other effects on the producer?
Greater marketing power and more efficient gains and higher performance
What are some (2) other effects on the producer?
Greater marketing power and more efficient gains and higher performance
Greater consumer confidence means__ demand for beef which means __ prices for the producer
Greater, Higher
__ is the percentage of closely trimmed, boneless retail cuts from the round, loin, rib, & chuck
Cutability
What are four of the USDA yield grade factors?
External fat, % kidney, pelvic & heart (KPH), ribeye area, hot carcass weight
The __ the external fat, the__ the yield grade
Higher, higher
The __ the external fat, the__ the yield grade
Higher, higher
The __ the % KPH, the __ the yield grade
Higher, higher
The __ the external fat, the__ the yield grade
Higher, higher
The __ the % KPH, the __ the yield grade
Higher, higher
The higher the Ribeye area, the __ the yield grade
Lower
The higher the hot carcass weight, the __ the yield grade
Higher
What is the yield grade formula?
Yield grade 1
Yield grade 2
Yield grade 3
Yield grade 4
Yield grade 5
How much is premium (yield grade 1) opposed to yield grade 5
1 is +$2.50, while 5 is -$21.50
Quality cutter and canner are used for?
Dog food, etc- typically not for human consumption
What are the quality grades (8) for steers and heifers?
PCSSCUCC
Indication of physiological age, not necessarily chronological age
Maturity
Maturity group A
9 to 30 mo of age
Maturity group A
9 to 30 mo of age
Maturity group B
30-42 mo of age
Maturity group A
9 to 30 mo of age
Maturity group B
30-42 mo of age
Maturity group C
42 to 72 months o age
Maturity group A
9 to 30 mo of age
Maturity group B
30-42 mo of age
Maturity group C
42 to 72 months o age
Maturity group D
72- 96 mo of age
Maturity group A
9 to 30 mo of age
Maturity group B
30-42 mo of age
Maturity group C
42 to 72 months o age
Maturity group D
72- 96 mo of age
Maturity group E
Greater than 96 months of age
How to determine the carcass maturity
Ossification of back bone, color and shape of rib bones, lean color
What is marbling?
Flecks of fat within the muscle?
What are the degrees of marbling (9)
Select is compromised of the ___ degree of marbling. Meaning ____ fat
Slight, very little
Standard is compromised of __ and ___ degrees of marbling
Trace and practically devoid
Dairy type is a __ desirable carcass
Less & could be discounted $25.00
Discounts vary due to cut and extent of _____ damage
Bruises / trimming loss
Bullocks are __ maturity carcasses that have developed ____ characteristics.
A, secondary sex
Dark cutters have a __ quality defect usually due to stress & discount of ___
Lean, $30.50
Pinpoint bruising
Blood splash
Callused eye caused by
Fatty infiltration of muscle, nerve damage, injury, injection site damage
USDA inspectors are independent from ___, and are ________.
Packing plant (no conflict of interest), trained bets who inspect the carcass for possible disease or damage
What is the Hazard Critical Control Points ? (HACCP)
Programs that help utilize a seven-step process to ensure that product quality and safety is attained throughout the fabrication process
Drench gun
Used to give liquid meds/ dewormers. Useful for setting dosage.. Consistent, easy to use but can damage tissue if not careful,
Nose tongs
Cattle have very sensitive septum, not Useful for very large animals, limits activity, could be beneficial for younger animals by modifying behavior to make them think twice
Squeeze chute-hydraulic or manual
Useful for many procedures. AI, palpating, injections, pulling calves,
Complete Working facility
Major cost initially, many options, vary in price, helps crowd cattle
Artificial insemination gun
Several different styles, diff sheath needed depending on gun
Semen tank
Holds a little liquid nitrogen for storage of semen. Most are metal with exception of shipping container covers
The one pictured is plastic
Ultrasound machine
Useful for detecting pregnancy in cattle and carcass characteristics, very expensive! Usually pretty portable.