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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When did humans first domesticate animals to produce milk and what species was it |
9,000 BCE sheep |
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When did cows start being used for milk |
5 CE |
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Dairy 1600-1850 |
only 1-2 animals per farm urban populations had very limited access to milk no food safety/quality control extra milk used for cheese and butter |
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Dairy 1850-1930 |
New techniques developed for handling, storage, and processing of milk - ice harvesting/wind mills - refrigeration (1870's) - pasturization (1862) - glass milk bottles |
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1930 - present |
new techniques to improve safety and nutrition of milk - AI (freezing of bull semen) - embryo transfer - record keeping - change of breed - adding vitamin D to milk - rBST |
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Objectives of a Dairy Farmer |
1. Produce high quality milk 2. Produce the product efficiently 3. Be environmentally responsible 4. Earn a reasonable profit |
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What is involved in producing high quality milk |
1. clean - free of foreign material 2. Low bacterial count - SPC less than 100,000/mL (specific pathogen count) 3. Low Somatic Cell Count (SCC) indicative of animal health and hygienic milking procedure 4. no Dilution - adding water is illegal, use freezing point to check 5. good flavor (butter fat makes flavor) 6. no antibiotic residue - test for beta-lactams |
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US dairy cow stats |
4th in world for number of dairy cows 2nd in the world for milk per cow 2nd in the world for total milk production |
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What country has the largest number of dairy cows |
india
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Dairy cow # rankings by stae |
1 California 2 Wisconsin 3 New York 4 Idaho 5 Minnesota 19 Florida |
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rankings of Mean annual milk production per animal by state |
1 New Mexico 2 Washington 3 California 4 Idaho 5 Nevada 19 Florida |
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Rankings of Total Milk Production by state |
1 California 2 Wisconsin 3 Idaho 4 New York 5 Pennsylvania 19 Florida |
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Trends in # of US Dairy cows |
decreasing, but milk production increasing |
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Shifts in the US dairy industry |
- larger cattle - larger volume of milk produced - lower milk fat - 70% AI and 30% natural service - TMR instead of pasture |
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The Florida dairy industry |
1. 123,000 milking dairy cows (increase of 1.3%) 2. 130 dairy farms (decreased due to consolidation) 3. 946 animals per farm (average) 4. Large farms, 80 farms with over 500 animals 5. Lafeyette county as most farms 6. Okeechobee county has second most farms |
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The US dairy industry: Factors affecting milk production |
1. Temperature
2. Humidity 3. Breed of Cow 4. Type of feed 5. Health Status 6. State of Lactation 7. Number of milking per day 8. Climate modification |
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How many milking a day maximized milk production |
3 might not be ale to do this from a profitability standpoint if the cost of labor (actually getting the third milking in per day) outweighs the cost of the milk |
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The US Diary Industry: Factors resulting in national trends |
1. Shift in breeds from smaller to larger animals 2. improved genetics (record keeping and AI) 4. Greater use of concentrate in feeds 5. Better health programs 6. Climate Modification 7. Improved reproductive efficiency 8. Use of rBST 9. Larger dairies |
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Dairy Breeds: Top 11 |
1. Holstein
2. Jersey 3. Guernsey 4. Brown Swiss 5. Ayrshire 6. Kerry 7. Milking Devon 8. Milking Shorthorn 9. Norwegian Red 10. Dutch Belted 11. Canadienne |
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Holstein Breed |
- Europe origins and developed in Netherlands - large black and white or red and white - 1500 pounds - 58 inches tall - 90% of US dairy cows - produces 24,500 lbs of milk per year - consumes most feed but produces most milk - 3.6% butterfat - 6 years of life production |
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Jersey Breed |
- originated on Island of Jersey in English channel - light to dark grey fawn to black with dark face - 1000 pounds - produces more milk per body weight than any other breed - 17,000 lbs/year of milk - 4.6% butterfat - 160,000 on DHIA, decreasing by 2% a year |
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Guernsey Breed |
- originated on island of Guernsey in English channel - fawn with white markings - substantial improvement with AI - milk production 16,000 per year on 20-30% less feed - 4.35% butterfat - golden milk = high beta-carotene content - short calving interval, younger age at first calf heifers - fit for intensive grazing operations - 10,000 on DHIA, decreasing |
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Brown Swiss Breed |
- origins in Switzerland - light to dark brown with black muzzle - 1,400 pounds - 20,300 lbs/year milk production - 4.0% butterfat with high protein content - 15,000 on DHIA decreasing |
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Ayrshire Breed |
- origins in Scotland - cherry, mahogany, brown or white - 1200 pounds - MP 17,400 lbs/year - 3.8% butterfat - can produce favorably with poor forage quality - 6,000 on DHIA decreasing |
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How has the past 50 years become the golden age of dairy cattle genetic improvement? |
- AI - Embryo Transfer - progeny testing - record keeping - cloning 1970: 45 lbs of milk per day now: 80 lbs of milk per day |
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Osborne Ivanhoe |
- most famous bull in Holstein genetics - responsible for BLAD - bovine leukocyte adhesion defficiency - calves die before 2 months - recessive disease still seen in herds today |
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Toy Story |
- born in 2001 - produced over 2 million units of semen |
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Small Dairy Farms |
- more individual attention - familiarity - more labor responsibilities - less profitable (no economy of scale) |
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Large Diary Farms |
- herd focused - economy of scale - animal welfare/environmental concerns - specialized labor |
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Grazing Dairy |
a type of dairy that is forage based - extensive management - lower milk production due to lower energy intake in feed - mostly used for organic farms - low infrastructure costs - not successful in Florida due to low quality of perennial forages and high cost of forage production |
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Combination Diary |
a type of dairy farm that uses some pasture and also concentrate feeding - concentrate is offered during milking and acts a lure/reward to get them to come in - cows are maintained in pasture areas large enough to provide some forage - small herds of dairy cows - labor intensive - low waste control - low infrastructure costs (need a parlor) |
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Tie-Stall/Stanchion Diary |
a type of dairy farm where each cow is placed in an individual stall - tied or head is placed in a free swiveling stanchion - milking equipment is overhead and cows are milked in the stall - roof or other enclosure necessary (no parlor needed) - needs good ventilation and climate modification - milking and manure management is very labor intensive |
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Free Stall Dairy |
a type of dairy that is common for larger barns - cows move freeling in a barn - bedded stall area for cows to go lie down - bedding can be organic or sand - organic bedding can harbor pathogens - feeding alley in front of stalls - concrete waste collection area behind stalls with added traction - waste handling can be scraped and hauled or use flush system - must routinely replace bedding - cows are moved to milking parlor - less labor intensive than tie stall |
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Udder Anatomy |
- four separate mammary glands = 4 quarters - milk is produced by millions of alveoli in each gland - alveoli are grouped in lobules - lobules grouped in lobes - during milk ejection reflex the milk enters teat cistern and exits through streak canal - complex endocrine cascade - P4, E2, prolactin - oxytocin in key in milk ejection reflex (it is a smooth muscle stimulator) |
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where is oxytocin produced |
posterior pituitary |
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what stimulus causes release of oxytocin |
walking into the parlor sucking sounds presence of calf massage of teats |
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Stage 1 of Lactation Curve |
PEAK LACTATION - the most important stage of milk production - a 1 pound increase in production per day means 200 pounds more for the entire cycle - highest energy demand - weight loss because cannot consume enough nutrients to makeup for loss in lactation |
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Stage 2 of Lactation Curve |
MID LACTATION - production decrease of 7% a month - average production during this stage is 80% of stage 1 - weight starts to level off |
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Stage 3 of Lactation Curve |
TAIL ENDERS - average overall production is 75% of stage 2 - start to put body weight back on |
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Milking Procedure |
1. udders and teats washed and dried 2. Each Tit is stripped of 2-3 squirts of milk 3. Machine attachement (teat cup has a liner that inflates and tightens/relaxes in pulsating manner) 4. machine taken off and teats are dipped in iodine based solution |
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Mastitis |
- IMI intra-mammary infection - caused by bacteria getting into the steak canal and causing infection |
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what is the most common pathogen causing mastitis |
staphylococcus aureus |
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what are the two forms of mastitis |
contageous - passes from cow to cow (can be through vectors like flies, manure, machinery, etc) environmental - comes from bedding, pastures, feces, etc |
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How do we monitor for mastitis |
- individual somatic cell counts can tell us if a cow is getting or is sick - clotting california test |
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How do we treat/prevent mastitis |
- prevent via biosecurity (booties, gloves, jumpsuits, etc to reduce pathogens brought in by workers) - cleaning area frequently - iodine dips after milking - treat with antibiotics (withdrawal period important) - separate infected cows (still have to milk them) |
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Milking Parlor |
- cows are brought into a holding area where a crowding gate is used to move cows into a parlor - pit where workers are located is at a level under cows to maximize efficiency of work |
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Milking parlor vs. tie stall |
- requires less labor - less milk carrying pipe required - can handle herd expansion better - higher investment costs due to equipment (overall costs could be lower) - less individual attention |
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Herringbone Milking Parlor |
- double x design (at a slant) - cows enter and leave parlor in groups - cow stands at an angle to the operator pit - entering and leaving gates controlled by operator - slow milking cows can hold up the process |
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Side-Opening Milking Parlor |
- cows stand parallel to the operator pit - 4-8 cows per operator - cows enter and leave individually so slow milking cows do not hold up a whole group - more walking distance between cows compared to herringbone - a little more personal attention - more linear feet of barn/shelter required per cow |
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rotary milking parlor |
- cows stand on an automatic rotating platform in circle - milking operators behind cows - larger number of cows milked in smaller space - more expensive |
