D1 - Neuro Exam #3

Front 1

The principal input layer for thalamo-cortical axons

Back 1

IV - Internal Granular layer

Front 2

The principal output layer for corticospinal and corticobulbar neurons

Back 2

V - internal pyramidal

Front 3

Agranular cortex contains almost no...

Back 3

internal granular layer

typical of primary motor cortex

Front 4

Koniocortex

Back 4

- Reduced internal pyramidal layer
- Exaggerated internal granular layer
- Typical of sensory cortical areas

Front 5

BA for primary visual areas

Back 5

17

Front 6

BA for primary auditory areas

Back 6

41, 42

Front 7

BA for primary somatosensory areas

Back 7

1,2,3

Front 8

BA for primary motor region

Back 8

4

Front 9

BA for motor association areas

Back 9

6 and 8

Front 10

Lesions in the parietal association cortex may result in...

Back 10

lateral neglect.

Right side is most important for attention

Front 11

lesions of the temporal association cortex may result in...

Back 11

inability to recognize objects or faces = agnosias

Front 12

Prosopagnosia

Back 12

inability to recognize faces. usually caused by lesions on the right temporal cortex

Front 13

Affective-motivational aspects of pain are relayed to what centers in the brain?

Back 13

reticular formation
superior colliculus
the central gray
hypothalamus
amygdala

Front 14

sensory-discriminative aspects of pain are relayed through what brain center?

Back 14

VPL

Front 15

Cerebellar cortex is divided into three parts based upon input:

Back 15

1. cerebrocerebellum – receives indirect input from cerebral cortex and is involved in regulation of skilled movements

2. spinocerebellum – receives input directly from spinal cord – lateral part involved in movement of distal muscles; medial part (vermis) involved in movement of proximal muscles

3. vestibulocerellum – caudal and inferior lobes (nodulus, flocculus) - involved with regulation of movements underlying posture and balance

Front 16

The three deep cerebellar nuclei

Back 16

1. Fastigeal nucleus – Output to upper motor neurons in the motor cortex and brainstem plays a role in motor execution

2 Interposed nucleus – Output to upper motor neurons in the motor cortex and brainstem plays a role in motor execution

3 Dentate nucleus – Projects to premotor cortex plays a role in motor planning

Front 17

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Back 17

contains mostly efferent fibers arising from deep cerebellar nuclei.

These axons project to upper motor neurons in the superior colliculus and to the primary and premotor cortex via the dorsal thalamus.

Front 18

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Back 18

The largest cerebellar peduncle contains input from the cerebral cortex via fibers from pontine nuclei.

These fibers project to the cerebrocerebellum.

Front 19

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Back 19

The smallest peduncle contains both afferents and efferent fibers to and from the spinal cord and brainstem

Front 20

Inputs to the Cerebellum are of two types:

Back 20

1. Mossy fibers – come from many regions and synapse with granule cells in the cerebellar cortex.

2. Climbing fibers – All climbing fiber input arises from the contralateral inferior olivary nucleus and synapse directly on Purkinje cells which provide the output of the cerebellar cortex

Front 21

the largest source of input to the cerebellum

Back 21

Pathways from the cerebral cortex

Front 22

fibers from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum are relayed through the _____ nuclei

Back 22

pontine

Front 23

The descending outputs from the cerebellum project to...

Back 23

the superior colliculus, reticular formation and vestibular nuclei

Front 24

Anterior cingulate gyrus is involved in what emotional process?

Back 24

Suffering, pain and sadness

Front 25

Periaquaductal area is involved in what emotional process?

Back 25

Displeasure

Front 26

Axons in the mesiolimbic pathway travel to the...

Back 26

nucleus accumbens

Front 27

Stress is mediated by...

Back 27

the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

Front 28

Mechanism of Alzheimer's

Back 28

Degeneration of the hippocampus and acetylcholine pathways prevents the consolidation of new memories

Front 29

determines the circadian rhythm

Back 29

Superchiasmatic nucleus of the Hypothalamus

Front 30

Orexin neurons stimulate...

Back 30

arousal/wakefulness

Front 31

Parkinsons' Disease is a result of what?

Back 31

Loss of dopaminegric neurons in the substantia nigra

Front 32

Semantics =

Back 32

meaning

Front 33

Syntax =

Back 33

grammatical rules

Front 34

Reliable areas of distributed activation for normal language

Back 34

- Left inferior frontal gyrus
- Bilateral superior and middle temporal gyri

Front 35

FA1 FA2 SA1 SA2

Back 35

MP MR

FA1: Meissners
FA2: Pacinian
SA1: Merkels
SA2: Rufini

Front 36

the most tactually sensitive area of the body

Back 36

peri-nasal skin

Front 37

Components of discriminative touch are mediated by what system?

Back 37

Dorsal column - medial lemniscal system

Front 38

Body Thermal Sensation (and pain) travels over the ____________ tract

Back 38

spinothalamic

Front 39

Miosis

Back 39

Pupillary constriction

Front 40

Corticospinal tract

Back 40

Facilitates fine, fractionated
distal movements.

Front 41

Reticulospinal tract

Back 41

postural, midline muscles

Front 42

Vestibulospinal tract

Back 42

coordination between semicircular canals and neck and postural movements

Front 43

Tectospinal tract

Back 43

orientation and coordination of head movement and visual field

Front 44

Corticobulbar Tract

Back 44

pathway from primary motor cortex to brainstem. This pathway conveys output from the motor cortex to the interneurons surrounding the trigeminal motor nucleus.

These interneurons then project to trigeminal motoneurons.