Cytoplasm

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cytoplasm

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The term cytoplasm refers to everything between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope. It consists of primarily of water. It also contains various organelles as well as salts, dissolved gasses and nutrients.

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organelles involved in protein production

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er, golgi apparatus, and ribosomes

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The endoplastic reticulum

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Spreading throughout the cytoplasm is the endoplasmic reticulum. It is a folded system of membranes that loop back and forth giving it a very large surface area. This membrane provides a surface area for cell reactions. It is also the Site of lipid production.

The E.R. comes in two forms:

Smooth E.R. has no ribosomes associated with it The rough E.R. has ribosomes

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ribisomes

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The rough E.R. has ribosomes attached to it. This gives it its texture. These ribosomes manufacture proteins for the cell.

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golgi apparatus

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The golgi body is responsible for packaging proteins for the cell. Once the proteins are produced by the rough E.R. they pass into the sack like cisternae that are the main part of the golgi body. These proteins are then squeezed off into the little blebs which drift off into the cytoplasm.

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lysosomes

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Lysosomes are called suicide sacks. They are produced by the golgi body. They consist of a single membrane surrounding powerful digestive enzymes.

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cytoplasm's energy producing organelles

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mitochondria and chloroplast

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The Mitochondrion

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The mitochondrion is the site of aerobic respiration. Most of the key processes of aerobic repiration occur accross its inner membrane. One theory holds that they evolved from endosymbiotic bacteria.

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Centrioles

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are found only in animal cells. They function in cell division. Notice the 9 sets of 3 arrangement of the protein fibers.

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cilia and flagella

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These are hair like extentions off of the cell membrane. Their structures are similar except that cillia tend to be small and numerous and flagella tent to be large and fewer. Their they beat back and forth rythmically. In unicellular organisms their job is locomotion. In large multicell organisms their role is to move fluid past the cell. Notice the 9+2 arrangement of the microtubles.

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Movement Through Cell Membranes

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Diffusion [particles move through membrane from high concentration to low]
Facillitated diffusion [particle through protein channel]
Osmosis is passive transport of water. See more osmosis
Filtration is movement of molecules by hydrostatic pressure
Active Transport pumps solutes against diffusion gradients
Endocytosis is a process in which membrane engulfs particles & large molecules

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Diffusion

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[particles move through membrane from high concentration to low]

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Facillitated diffusion

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[particle through protein channel]

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Osmosis

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is passive transport of water. See more osmosis

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Filtration

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is movement of molecules by hydrostatic pressure

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Active Transport

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pumps solutes against diffusion gradients

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Endocytosis

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is a process in which membrane engulfs particles & large molecules

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Cytoskeleton

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is a cytoplasmic network of protein filaments that supports and gives shape to the cell.




Three types of protein fibers make up cytoskeleton.
microtubules
are made of protein, tubulin molecules
also make up spindle that moves chormosomes during mitosis.
also function in movement of Cilia and flagella
also are found in centrioles
Intermediate filaments
microfilaments
The centrosome contains a pair of centrioles and each contains 9 microtubule triplets.
Cilia and Flagella contain a ring of 9 microtubule doublets + 2 central single microtubles.
Cell Cycle and Mitosis produces genetically identical cells
photographs of Whitefish blastula mitosis,
see mitosis animation

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Meiosis

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reduces double set of chromosomes (diploid) in cell to single set

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Proteins

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are large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is defined by a gene and encoded in the genetic code. Although this genetic code specifies 20 "standard" amino acids, the residues in a protein are often chemically altered in post-translational modification: either before the protein can function in the cell, or as part of control mechanisms. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable complexes.

Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of all living organisms and participate in every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions, and are vital to metabolism. Other proteins have structural or mechanical functions, such as the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which forms a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Proteins are also important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Protein is also a necessary component in our diet, since animals cannot synthesise all the amino acids and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that can be used for protein synthesis.