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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cytokines
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a. Facilitate intracellular communication between leukocytes and other types of cells
b. Act locally or systemically (endocrine) c. Autocrine or paracrine (exocrine) d. IL, INF, CSF, chemokines, TNFα, TGFβ |
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Pleiotropic cytokines
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i. Cytokine has more than one function
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Redundant cytokine
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i. More than one cytokine performs the same function
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Synergistic cytokine
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i. Activity of one cytokine enhances the activity of another
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Antagonistic cytokine
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i. One cytokine inhibits the activity of another cytokine
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Chemokines
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i. Four subfamilies
ii. Display one of four highly conserved N-terminal cysteine amino acid residues 1. CXC 2. CC 3. C 4. CX3C 5. X represents a nonconserved amino acid |
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HIV and chemokines
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i. HIV uses chemokine receptors as co-receptors along with CD4 to gain entry into T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells
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M-tropic viruses
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i. Use CCR5 co-receptor
ii. Prefer binding to macrophages and dendritic cells iii. Individuals w/o CCR5 due to mutation are resistant to HIV iv. Chemokines of the CC family that can block HIV binding to CCR5→ MIP-1β (CCL4) and RANTES (CCL5) |
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T-tropic viruses
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i. Use CXCR4 co-receptor
ii. Prefer binding to TH cells iii. SDF-1 (CXCL12) can block HIV binding to CXCR4 |
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Cytokine receptor-mediated signal transduction
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i. Receptor/ligand binding causes dimerization or polymerization in receptor polypeptides on target cell surface
ii. Juxtaposed cytoplasmic tails of receptor polypeptides activate JAK tyrosine kinase iii. JAK phosphorylates STAT in cytoplasm iv. STATs dimerize and bind to enhancer regions of certain genes in nucleus v. Genes are transcribed into RNA→ translated to proteins |
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IL-1
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a. Monocytes, macrophages
b. Pyrogen, acute phase response c. Induces IL-2R expression and IL-2 synthesis in T cells d. Enhances adhesion molecule expression on leukocytes and endothelial cells |
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IL-2
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a. TH0, TH1 cells
b. T cell growth factor |
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IL-3
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a. TH cells
b. Stimulates hematopoiesis |
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IL-4
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a. TH2 cells, mast cells, basophils
b. Promotes TH2 development c. Inhibits TH1 development d. Promotes IgE and IgG4 synthesis by B cells |
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IL-5
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a. TH2
b. Eosinophil development c. Class switching to IgA in B cells |
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IL-6
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a. T cells, B cells, macrophages, others
b. Stimulates acute phase protein and antibody synthesis c. Low-level pyrogen |
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IL-7
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a. Bone marrow and thymic stromal cells, some T cells
b. Growth factor for pre-T and pre-B cells |
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IL-8
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a. Macrophages, others
b. Chemokine that attracts neutrophils and naïve T cells |
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IL-10
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a. Treg
b. Inhibits TH1 and macrophages c. Protects against autoimmunity |
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IL-12
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a. Treg
b. Inhibits TH1 and macrophages c. Protects against autoimmunity |
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IL-13
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a. TH2 cells
b. B cell growth factor c. Class switch to IgE |
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IL-17 family
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a. TH17 cells
b. Pro-inflammatory c. Promotes neutrophil migration and differentiation d. Autoimmunity and hypersensitivity reactions |
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IFNα and INFβ (Type I IFN)
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a. Many cell types
b. Induced by viral infection and dsRNA c. Anti-viral d. Induces class I MHC expression |
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IFNγ
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a. TH1 cells
b. Selects TH1 subset c. Inhibits TH2 subset d. Activates macrophages, NK and Tc cells e. Promotes MHC I and II expression |
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TNFα
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a. Macrophages, others
b. Inflammation c. Enhances adhesion molecule expression d. Enhances phagocytosis and respiratory burst in macrophages e. Induces fever, acute phase protein release, septic shock, cachexia |
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TGFβ
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a. Treg cells, others
b. Stimulates IgA production c. Inhibits cell-mediated immunity d. Anti-inflammatory e. Promotes fibroblast growth and wound healing |
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GM-CSF, M-CSF, G-CSF
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a. T cells, monocytes
b. Promotes growth of granulocytes and/or monocytes |
