Cvt - Path Exam 1 Inflammation & Autoimmunity (Last 2 Sections)

Front 1

List the WBCs in order of most to least.

Back 1

neutrophils (60-80)
lymphocytes (20)
monocytes (3-8)
eosinophils (1-6)
basophils (0-2)

Front 2

What would the WBC and neutrophil count be for a pt with an acute bacterial infection.

Back 2

WBC 18,000
N 83%

Front 3

Where are the adenoids located?

Back 3

near the tonsils

Front 4

Where are the Peyer's patches located?

Back 4

in the intestinal walls of the gut

Front 5

What cellular components make up granulocytes?

Back 5

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Front 6

neutrophils:

Back 6

-attracted to areas of inflammation

Front 7

What does "shift to the left" mean?

Back 7

means there is an increased number of neutrophils

Front 8

<1000 neutrophils is called:

Back 8

neutropenia

Front 9

eosinophils:

Back 9

-allergic rxns
-parasitic infections

Front 10

basophils:

Back 10

-allergies, releases histamine from mast cells
-vasodilator

Front 11

What eventually becomes macrophages?

Back 11

monocytes

Front 12

macrophages:

Back 12

-powerful phagocytes
-engulf bacteria
-last for months
-prominent in late inflammation

Front 13

lymphocytes:

Back 13

-made of t-cells and b-cells
-reside in lymph sites (nodes, etc)

Front 14

T-cells:

Back 14

-make up 80% of lymphocytes
-regulators
-activate B-cells
-can phagotcytize or kill

Front 15

3 kinds of T-lymphocytes:

Back 15

1. helper (immunity cells)
2. suppressor (keep immune system balanced)
3. cytotoxic (killer cells)

Front 16

B-cells:

Back 16

-memory cells
-make up 20% of lymphocytes
-differentiate to plasma cells to produce antibodies

Front 17

complement system:

Back 17

-important to immunity and inflammation
-made up of protein plasmas
-synthesized in the liver
-lysis foreign cells

Front 18

kinins:

Back 18

-polypeptides
-active in the inflammatory process
-vasodilator
-triggered by pain

Front 19

What are the 2 stem cell pathways?

Back 19

1. myeloid
2. lymphoid

Front 20

Kinins:

Back 20

-polypeptides
-play an active role in the inflammatory process (pain,vasodilation)

Front 21

Coagulation:

Back 21

=to stop bleeding
-activates complement and kinins
-12 coagulation factors
-prevents antigens from disseminating

Front 22

cytokines:

Back 22

Ex: lymphokines, interleukins, interferons
-increase lysis target cells and activate other cells
-polypeptides produced by immune cells
-inhibit viruses
-stimulate T and B cells

Front 23

inflammatory process:

Back 23

"itis"
-neutralize and destroy pathogens
-limit spread of harmful agents
-prepare damaged tissue for repair

Front 24

Causes of inflammation:

Back 24

1. exogenous (surgery, trauma, burns, chemicals on skin)
2. endogenous (MI, pulm embolism)

Front 25

Is there always inflammation with an infection?

Back 25

yes

Front 26

Is there always an infection with inflammation?

Back 26

no, allergies and sprains

Front 27

List the chemicals that respond to inflammation.

Back 27

1. histamine
2. prostaglandins (pain)
3. cytokines
4. enzymes (from granulocytes and macrophages)

Front 28

histamine:

Back 28

increases vascular dilation and permeability

Front 29

List the acute vascular responses to inflammation:

Back 29

-initial quick vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation
-moves fluids to tissues
-toxins are diluted
-platelets form
-lymphatic blockage (walls off area)

Front 30

List the acute cellular responses to inflammation:

Back 30

-neutrophils create inflammed tissue (diapedesis)
-attracted by inflamed tissue (toxins, complement)

Front 31

diapedesis:

Back 31

passage of blood cells (especially white blood cells) through intact capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue

Front 32

What part of the body has the most fiberblasts and tissue?

Back 32

ligaments - used for strength and support

Front 33

List the chronic cellular responses to inflammation.

Back 33

-due to infiltration of macrophages
-leads to persistent inflammation, fibroblast proliferation, scar formation (granulation tissue)

Front 34

Is gas gangrene aerobic or anaerobic?

Back 34

anaerobic

Front 35

Which leukemia is common among children?

Back 35

acute lymphocytic leukemia

Front 36

What is a consequence of chemotherapy?

Back 36

kills the immune system

Front 37

What treatment methods are used for cancer?

Back 37

surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

Front 38

Most fungal infections are ___.

Back 38

cutaneous

Front 39

What are the 4 manifestations of infection?

Back 39

1. inflammatory response
2. phagocytosis (eats debris)
3. interferons (fights virus)
4. fever

Front 40

Example of natural active immunity:

Back 40

disease

Front 41

Example of natural passive immunity:

Back 41

acquired thru breastmilk (IgA)

Front 42

Example of artificial active immunity:

Back 42

vaccine (long-term)

Front 43

Example of artificial passive immunity:

Back 43

IgG (short-term) such as anti-venom or anti-rabies

Front 44

3 Ways the healing process occurs:

Back 44

1. fibroblasts (makes collagen)
2. new capillaries (nutrient)
3. regeneration of cells

Front 45

3 exceptions for the regeneration of cells:

Back 45

1. heart muscle
2. nerve cell bodies
3. skeletal muscle

Front 46

3 functions of inflammatory excudates:

Back 46

"fluids"
-transport leukocytes and antibodies
-dilutes toxins and irritants
-transports nutrients for repair

Front 47

4 types of inflammatory fluids:

Back 47

1. serous
2. fibrinous (more protein)
3. purulent (pus) from infection
4. hemorrhagic

Front 48

3 types of T-cells:

Back 48

1. helper cells (C4)
2. suppressor (T8)
3. Killer (cytotoxic)

Front 49

B-cells:

Back 49

-memory cells and plasma cells
-antibodies (latter)
-antigen-antibody specificity

Front 50

antibodies:

Back 50

=immunoglobulins
-act as antitoxins
-neutralize viruses
-opsonization (capsulization)

Front 51

What is the most common type of antibody?

Back 51

IgG by 70-75%
crosses the placenta

Front 52

blood supply:

Back 52

circulation in the body
ex: diabetes is known as the small blood volume disease

Front 53

oxygenation:

Back 53

-tissues need O2 to be healthy
-anaerobic and aerobic bacteria

Front 54

autoimmunity:

Back 54

-failure of immune system to recognize own cells
-body attacks and destroys cells
-more common in women

Front 55

juvenile diabetes:

Back 55

in children, body attacks ilet cells all of a sudden

Front 56

Exs of autoimmune diseases:

Back 56

1. Lupus erythematosis
2. Grave's disease
3. Myasthenia gravis
4. Diabetes mellitus
5. Rheumatoid arthritis

Front 57

Rheumatoid arthritis:

Back 57

-inflammatory arthritis
-affects children and young adults
-body attacks senovial lining of the joints and causes inflammation

Front 58

Hyperfunction-Alterations in Immune Function: (4 types)

Back 58

1. Type I
2. Type II
3. Type III
4. Type IV

Front 59

Hypofunction-Alterations in Immune Function: (3 types)

Back 59

1. Primary immunodeficiency disorders
2. HIV and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
3. Secondary immuno. disorders

Front 60

Disturbances of endocrine functions can be divided into 2 categories:

Back 60

1. hyperfunction (excessive hormone production)
2. hypofunction (decline in function due to congenital, damage, inflammation, autoimmune disorder, neoplasia)

Front 61

Types of primary immunodeficiency disorders:

Back 61

1. severe dysfunction in infants (immunocompromised)
2. thymic hypoplasia (deficient T cells)
3. failure of b-cells to stimulate plasma cells

Front 62

Transmission of HIV:

Back 62

blood, semen, vaginal and cervical secretions, amniotic fluid, breastmilk, sexual contact and IV drug use

Front 63

Where is HIV not believed to be transferrable?

Back 63

-urine, saliva, tears, CSF, feces
-routine contact or mosquitoes

Front 64

What does the T-helper cell count have to be at to detect active HIV?

Back 64

<200

Front 65

1985:

Back 65

Became mandatory to test blood for transfusions.

Front 66

ELISA Test:

Back 66

-screening for HIV, tests for antigen
-detects + exposure of HIV for 6-8 wks
-if pt is infected, the antibody will not show up for weeks

Front 67

Western Blot Test:

Back 67

confirmation test for HIV
taken if ELISA test is +

Front 68

opportunistic infections:

Back 68

what pts actually die from
ex: AIDs pts usually die from pneumonia

Front 69

Secondary immunodeficiency disorders:

Back 69

chemotherapy, malnutrition, stress, anesthetics, steroids

Front 70

Treatment for AIDS:

Back 70

1. antibiotics and antivirals
2. AZT (Zidovudine)-main tx for aids
3. combination therapy-more side effects, cost