Cva Final

Front 1

nervous system has three interrelated functions:

Back 1

Sensory Input
integration
motor Output

Front 2

activation of “effector organs” to respond to stimuli.

Back 2

motor output

Front 3

the processing and interpretation of the sensory input

Back 3

integration

Front 4

using millions of sensory receptors to monitor stimuli in both the external and internal environments

Back 4

sensory input

Front 5

effector organs include

Back 5

msucles and glands

Front 6

nervous system can be initially broken up into two major divisions (and further subdivided0

Back 6

Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Front 7

CNS consists of & located in?

Back 7

brain and spinal cord
cranium and vertebral canal

Front 8

PNS can be divided into

Back 8

Sensory & Motor / Afferent & Efferent

Front 9

The subdivisions of PNS can be further divided into 4 categores:

Back 9

Somatic & Visceral Sensory / Somatic & Visceral Motor

Front 10

The Somatic and Visceral Sensory and Motor can be further subdivided into 6 categores

Back 10

general / special - Somatic/visceral - senses/ motor

exception: somatic motor

Front 11

sensory innervation of the outer portions of the soma (the body).

Back 11

Somatic Sensory of Afferent

Front 12

sensory innervation of the inner body, theviscera, the heart, lungs, G.I. tract, etc.

Back 12

Visceral Sensory of Afferent

Front 13

motor innervation of most of the skeletal muscles (excepting the pharyngeal arch muscles). It is also known as the Voluntary Nervous System. It can not be subdivided

Back 13

Somatic Motor of Efferent

Front 14

motor innervation of the inner body, the
viscera

Back 14

Visceral Sensory of Efferent

Front 15

senses whose receptors are
spread widely throughout the “outer” body.
1} It receives information about pain, temperature, pressure, touch, vibration, and proprioception (the
amount of stretch on muscles, joints, and tendons)

Back 15

General Somatic Senses

Front 16

senses whose receptors are
concentrated in a small,specialized area.
1} They are the senses of vision, olfaction, audition, and equilibrium

Back 16

Special Somatic Senses

Front 17

senses whose receptors are widely distributed throughout inner body, the viscera.
1} It receives information about pain, temperature,stretch, nausea, irritation, hunger, & chemical changes

Back 17

General Visceral senses

Front 18

senses whose receptors are concentrated in a small, specialized area.
1} There is only one: taste

Back 18

General Visceral Senses

Front 19

has no subdivisions of special/general

Back 19

somatic motor

Front 20

controls the cardiac and smooth
muscles. It is also known as the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) or Involuntary Nervous System.

Back 20

General Visceral Motor

Front 21

it controls the pharyngeal arch
musculature, a special group of skeletal muscles.

Back 21

Special Visceral Motor

Front 22

main component of the nervous system, has a high cellular content.
80% is cellular mass

Back 22

Nervous Tissue

Front 23

2 classes of nervous tissue:

Back 23

Neurons & Neuroglia

Front 24

Neurons

Back 24

cells which send the nerve impulses.

Front 25

the supporting cells of the nervous system.

Back 25

Neuroglia

Front 26

highly specialized cells that conduct the nerve impulse, known as nerve proper

Back 26

Neurons

Front 27

3 characteristics of Neurons

Back 27

non dividing, long living & very high metabolic rate (O2 & glucose)

Front 28

neuron anatomy:

Back 28

cell body - dendrites - axons

Front 29

large clusters of RER and free ribosomes; serve to produce proteins to replace those lost from the nucleoplasm and to repair the nucleolemma

Back 29

Nissl or Chromatophilic Bodies

Front 30

bundles of intermediate filaments running between the Nissl bodies; serve to resist stress on the neuron.

Back 30

Neurofilaments or Neurofibrils

Front 31

perikarya located outside of the CNS, in the PNS, are grouped together and surrounded by c.t. forming (most in CNS)

Back 31

Ganglia

Front 32

processes radiating out from the perikaryon; resceptive sites sending signals to perikaryon; contain most of the organelles found in the cell body including extensions of the Nissl bodies

Back 32

Dendrites

Front 33

processes radiating out from the perikaryon; serve as impulse distributors sending the impulse from the perikaryon out to another cell; usually one per neuron; has a high component of neurofibrils, microtubules, and actin filaments. (support / aid in transport)

Back 33

axon

Front 34

axon arises from a swollen region on the cell body called

Back 34

Axon Hillock

Front 35

rare branches which branch off at 90o
angles to the axon

Back 35

Axon Collaterals

Front 36

many branches occurring at the terminal end of the axon.

Back 36

Telodendria

Front 37

(aka; end bulbs, axonal boutons) - these are knob-like endings of the telodendria.

Back 37

Axon Terminals

Front 38

axon terminals contain: (b/c synapse to dendrites)

Back 38

Neurotransmitters

Front 39

To improve on the conduction of the impulse, the axon will often be ensheathed in an insulating material called

Back 39

Myelin

Front 40

Myelin is produced by a supporting cell called

Back 40

Schwann Cell

Front 41

sheath of Schwann cells along the length of an axon forms what is called

Back 41

Neurilemma

Front 42

axon and its myelin sheath is called

Back 42

Nerve Fiber

Front 43

groups of nerve fibers in the CNS

Back 43

Fiber Tracts

Front 44

groups of nerve fibers in the PNS

Back 44

Nerves

Front 45

ensheathes a single nerve fiber; innermost sheath

Back 45

endoneurium

Front 46

ensheathes a nerve fascicle.

Back 46

perineurium

Front 47

ensheathes the entire nerve organ; outermost sheath

Back 47

epineurium

Front 48

based on the number of processes radiating out from the neuron cell body.

Back 48

Structural classification of neurons

Front 49

is based on the direction of information flow relative to the CNS.

Back 49

Functional Classification of Neurons

Front 50

neurons having three or more radiating processes; 99% neurons; usually one axon rest dendrites

Back 50

Multipolar neurons

Front 51

neurons having two radiating processes, one axon and one dendrite; rare - associated with special senses

Back 51

Bipolar Neurons

Front 52

neurons having only one radiating
process that serves as both an axon and a dendrite; typically make up sensory nerves; also known as Pseudounipolar Neuron.

Back 52

Unipolar Neurons; processes could have fused

Front 53

send the impulse towards the CNS from sensory receptors of the PNS; unipolar with their perikarya located in ganglia in the PNS; central process ,of their single process, serves as an axon and carries the information towards the CNS; peripheral process, of their single process, serves as a dendrite and extends to the receptors to pick up the impulse

Back 53

Afferent Neurons / Sensory Neurons

Front 54

carry the impulse away from the CNS out to the effector organ; multipolar and have their cell bodies located in the CNS

Back 54

Efferent Neurons / Motor Neurons

Front 55

lie between the sensory and motor neurons.

Back 55

Interneurons; Association Neurons

Front 56

Neurons communicate with one another and with other cells at a point called____; two kinds

Back 56

Synapse; chemical and electrical

Front 57

chemical synapse chemicals, called ___, are used to carry the message across a gap, called the ____

Back 57

Neurotransmitters; synaptic cleft