Cv1 Heller 1

Front 1

The primary role of the cardiovascular system is to maintain ______ in the _______ fluid

Back 1

homeostasis

interstitial

Front 2

The physical law that governs cardiovascular operation is that flow through any segment is equal to ________ difference across that segment divided by ________

Back 2

pressure

resistance to flow

Q = deltaP/R

Front 3

The heart pumps blood by rhythmically filling and ejecting blood from the ventricular chambers that are served by passive/active, one-way inlet and outlet valves

Back 3

passive

Front 4

Cardiac output is effected by changes in _____ ____ and ____ ______
Changes in these can be accomplished by alteration in ________ filling and by alterations in _______ _____ activity to the heart

Back 4

heart rate
stroke volume

ventricular
autonomic nerve

Front 5

Blood flow through individual organs is regulated by changes in the diameter of their _______

Back 5

arterioles

Front 6

Changes in arteriolar diameter can be accomplished by alteration in _____ _____ activity and by variations in local conditions

Back 6

sympathetic nerve (ONLY SYMPATHETIC)

Front 7

Blood is a complex suspension of blood cells in _____ that is ideally suited to carry gases, salts, nutrients adn waste molecules through the system

Back 7

plasma

Front 8

Total body water accounts for about ____ of body weight. It is distributed amongst what three compartments?

Back 8

60%
intracellular, interstitial, and plasma

Front 9

About __ L of our body water is intracellular and communicates with interstitium.
Interstitial water is about __ L
Plasma accounts for __ L of water

Back 9

30L intracellular
12L interstitially
3L circulating in plasma

Front 10

Two conditions are essential for control of interstitial fluid composition:
1) There must be adequate ____ ___ through the tissue capillaries
2) The ______ ________ of the arterial blood must be controlled to be optimal in the interstitial fluid

Back 10

blood flow

chemical composition

Front 11

______ is a rapid process that can move huge quantities of material a short distance (what's an example of this in the body?)

______ is when substances move along with blood flow because they are dissolved or contained and are carried between organs (example of this?)

Back 11

Diffusion - capillaries

Convection - arteries

Front 12

______ circulation is the right heart pump and the lungs

______ circulation is the left heart pump supplying to the systemic organs

These circulations are arranged in _____

Back 12

Pulmonary

Systemic

series - they must each pump an identical volume of blood each minute (CO)

Front 13

Normal cardiac output is __L/min

Back 13

5-6

Front 14

The systemic organs are functionally arranged in _____ so...
Nearly all systemic organs receive blood of identical ______
The flow through one organ can be controlled ________ of the flow through other organs

Back 14

parallel

composition (arterial blood that has just left the lungs)

independently (exercise increases to some, decreases others, unchanged others)

Front 15

Which three organs do not recondition blood for the benefit of others, but use it solely for metabolic purposes?

Back 15

Brain, heart muscle, skeletal muscle

Front 16

Resistance is affected by several factors.
These INCREASE resistance:
_____ radius
_____ tube length
_____ fluid viscosity
Which one is most influential?

Back 16

small
long
high

radius - raised to the fourth power. Also the most regulated in vessels.

Front 17

The average pressure in systemic arteries is near ___ mmHg and in systemic veins is near ___ mmHg

Back 17

100
0

Front 18

Cardiac Output = ____ ____ x _____ _____

Back 18

heart rate
stroke volume

Front 19

Effective ventricular pumping requires:
1) contractions of cells must occur at regular intervals and be ______ not _______
2) Valves must open fully, not ______
3) Valves must not leak, not _____
4) muscle contractions must be _____ not failing
5) Ventricles must fill adquately during _____

Back 19

synchronized not arrhythmic
stenotic
insufficient or regurgitant
forceful
diastole

Front 20

Starlings Law: ____ ____ increases as cardiac ___-_____ volume increases

Back 20

stroke volume
end-diastolic

Front 21

______ sympathetic nerves release _______ on cardiac cells which interacts with _-_____ receptors.

Back 21

Adrenergic
Norepinephrine
beta-adrenergic

Front 22

NE on beta-adrenergic receptors results in what 4 effects?

Back 22

Increased HR
Increased AP conduction velocity
Increase force of contraction
increased rates of contraction and relaxation

Front 23

______ parasympathetic fibers travel via the ____ nerve to innervate what 3 structures?

Back 23

Cholinergic
vagus
SA node, AV node, and atrial muscle

Front 24

Cholinergic parasympathetic nerves release _____ on cardiac cells which interacts with _____ receptors. This results in what 2 effects?

Back 24

Acetylcholine
muscarinic
decrease heart rate (SA node)
decrease action potential conduction velocity (AV node)
May also decrease atrial contraction

Front 25

Control of resistance vessels (which are these?) is purely ______ acting on ALPHA receptors

Back 25

Arterioles
sympathetic
alpha

Front 26

Which are the resistance vessels?
Which are the exchange vessels?
Which are the conduit vessels?
Which are the capacitance vessels?

Back 26

arterioles
capillaries
arteries
veins

Front 27

Blood flow through vascular beds is profoundly influenced by changes in activity of sympathetic nerves innervating ______. These nerves release _______ which interacts with _-_______ receptors on smooth muscle cells to cause contraction

Back 27

arterioles
norepinephrine
alpha-adrenergic

Front 28

_____ and ____ are innervated by sympathetic nerves and ____ when they are activated resulting in decreased venous volume. This increases cardiac filling and therefore cardiac _____ according to Starling's

Back 28

Venules
veins
constrict
output

Front 29

hematocrit = cell _____/total blood _____

Back 29

volume
volume

Front 30

______ is an oncotic protein – provides osmotic pressure that stays in the vascular space. It can’t exchange at the capillaries so it stays there. Modulates fluid flow across vascular space.

Back 30

albumin

Front 31

Which organ in the body always receives the most blood flow?

Back 31

Lungs

Front 32

Whenever skeletal muscle blood flow increases, blood flow to the other organs must decrease.
True or False?

Back 32

False - flow depends on pressure and resistance. As long as it is constant alterations in flow through an individual bed will have no influence on those that are parallel

Front 33

Would you expect a leaky aortic valve to cause a systolic or diastolic murmur?

Back 33

Diastolic

Front 34

Slowing of action potential conduction through the AV node will slow heart rate.
True or false?

Back 34

False - heart rate is regulated by action potentials in the SA node
It will only increase time between atrial and ventricular excitement

Front 35

What direct cardiovascular effects would you expect from an intravenous injection of a drug that stimulates a-adrenergic receptors but not beta-adrenergic receptors?

Back 35

no direct effects on the heart (these are beta), but effects on arterioles and veins

Front 36

What is the formula for resistance?
Keep in mind this is flipped in the flow equation Q= deltaP/R

Back 36

R = 8Ln/3.14r^4
L is tube length
n is liquid viscosity
r is radius of the tube

Front 37

Describe cardiac tamponade and hemorrhage and their effect on cardiac output.

Back 37

Liquid in the pericardial sac (due to infection typically). The pressure leaves less room for cardiac filling so cardiac output is reduced (ventricles aren't filling completely)

In hemorrhage the ventricles aren't filling completely due to blood loss