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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where does the internal thoracic artery branch, to give rise to the subcutaneous and diaphragmatic branches? |
The 6th intercostal space
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At what verterbral level does the bottom of the aortic arch sit?
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T4/5
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What vertebral level is the sternal angle at?
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T4/5
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What vertebral level is the liver and stomach at?
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T8
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Where is the apex of the heart, in terms of vertebral level and intercostal spaces?
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T9/10 and 5th intercostal space
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Auscultation - Aortic valve
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2nd intercostal space, RHS, parasternal line
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Auscultation - Tricuspid valve
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5th intercostal space, LHS, parasternal line
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Auscultation - Pulmonary valve
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2nd intercostal space, LHS, parasternal line
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Auscultation - Mitral valve
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5th intercostal space, LHS, 1/3 along clavicle from midline
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Apex of lung
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Paravertebral line, bottom of C7 (on back), 2-3cm above the medial 1/3 of clavicle (on front)
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List the four sinuses in the head
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Maxillary, ethmoidal, frontal and sphenoidal (cheeks, sides of nose, forehead and back of nasal cavity)
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List the three tonsils
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Pharyngeal, palatotine and lingual (back of nasopharynx, throat and back of tongue)
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Where does the heart notch start (indentation in mediastinum for heart)
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4th intercostal space, parasternal
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Where is the cardiophrenic angle (surface marking)
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6th rib, parasternal
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Where is the costophrenic angle (surface marking)
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9th intercostal space, midaxillary line
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How far down do lungs go, anterior view, on lateral edges?
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To 7th intercostal space, approaching midaxillary line
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How far down do lungs go, posterior view?
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To rib 10 on paravertebral line, then horizontal
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How far down does pleural cavity go, posterior view?
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Rib 12 on paravertebral line, then horizontal
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Vagus nerve – which way does it go round the lung hilum?
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Posterior (at the back)
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Phrenic nerve – which way does it go round the lung hilum?
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Anterior (over the front)
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Which is more medial in the neck, phrenic or vagus?
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The vagus nerve is more medial (central)
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What is the moderator band and what does it do?
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A single specialised trabeculum which connects the septum and the anterior papillary muscle, carries conduction to the anterior wall of the right ventricle.
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At what vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate (i.e. level of carina)
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T4/5
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What is a chylothorax?
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Lymph fluid buildup in the pleural cavity
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What signals are sent down the posterior ramus of the spinal nerve?
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Somatic and visceral (autonomic) SENSORY
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What signals go down the anterior (ventral) ramus of the spinal nerve?
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Somatic and visceral (autonomic) MOTOR
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What ‘pipe’ takes nervous signals into the sympathetic chain ganglia?
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The WHITE RAMUS COMMUNICANS, this is lateral to GRC
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What ‘pipe’ takes nervous signals back out of the sympathetic chain ganglia, back to the spinal nerve?
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The GREY RAMUS COMMUNICANS, this is more towards the midline.
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What are the four parts of the Tetralogy of Fallot?
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Overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis
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How can you treat coarctation of the aorta?
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Prostaglandins, to keep it open
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What is a persistent truncus arteriosus?
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A ventricular septal defect where the aorta and pulmonary artery are joined, and the ventricles are interlinked (hole in septum)
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What is cor triloculare biventriculare?
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There’s no atrial septum so the heart has 3 chambers
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What’s an ostium secundum defect?
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The septum primum degenerated too much (too much apoptosis) and the septum secundum didn’t develop properly
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What does the internal thoracic artery branch from?
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The subclavian artery
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Where do the bronchial arteries arise from?
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The thoracic aorta
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What is alecstasis?
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Reduced inflation of the lungs
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What does the thoracic lymph duct drain into?
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The left subclavian vein
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Where does the azygos vein drain into?
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The superior vena cava (it loops over the right bronchus / lung root, and into the SVC)
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Where do the bronchial arteries (which supply lung tissue) arise?
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The aortic arch and sometimes on the right from an intercostal artery
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Where does a chest drain go in?
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5th intercostal space, low as possible, under arm (between anterior axillary and midaxillary lines)
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Where are the hilar lymph nodes?
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Above the lowest pulmonary vein in lung hilum
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What is an empyma?
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A buildup of pus in the pleural cavity :-p
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How do the phrenic nerves get from the head to the thorax?
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Down behind the subclavian veins
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How do the vagus nerves get from the head to the thorax?
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At the sides (lateral to) the carotid arteries
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Where is the pulmonary plexus?
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Anterior and posterior to the tracheal bifurcation and main bronchi
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What is a cardiac tamponade?
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Excess fluid in the pericardial cavity causes compression of heart
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Where and what are the aortic sinuses?
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Pockets / saclike dilations behind the semilunar cusps (the valve flaps), which feed the coronary arteries, also prevent the flaps sticking (!)
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Which coronary artery feeds the SA and AV nodes, the most?
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The RIGHT coronary artery
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What is angina pectoris and what causes it?
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Chest (and arm) pain, from ischaemia of myocardium, caused by obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries
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Where is the cardiac autonomic plexus?
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Under the arch of the aorta, it’s fed by the sympathetic trunk, and the vagus nerves
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What happens if the tricuspid valve doesn’t close properly?
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Dilation or hypertrophy of the right atrium
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What did the ligamentum arteriosum used to be called (foetus)?
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Ductus arteriosus
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What happens if your ductus arteriosus remains patent after birth?
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Pulmonary hypertension, ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure
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What is rib notching and why does it happen?
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Over a chronic period, ribs might have depressions from intercostal arteries under increased pressure, if a collateral circulation is going on (from coarctation of aorta)
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What is pectus carinatum?
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Where the sternum stick out, may lead to asthma
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What is pectus excavatum?
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Where the sternum looks pushed in, common with Marfan’s, reduces lung capacity and can compromise mediastinum. |