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56 Cards in this Set

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  • Back

Where does the internal thoracic artery branch, to give rise to the subcutaneous and diaphragmatic branches?

The 6th intercostal space
At what verterbral level does the bottom of the aortic arch sit?
T4/5
What vertebral level is the sternal angle at?
T4/5
What vertebral level is the liver and stomach at?
T8
Where is the apex of the heart, in terms of vertebral level and intercostal spaces?
T9/10 and 5th intercostal space
Auscultation - Aortic valve
2nd intercostal space, RHS, parasternal line
Auscultation - Tricuspid valve
5th intercostal space, LHS, parasternal line
Auscultation - Pulmonary valve
2nd intercostal space, LHS, parasternal line
Auscultation - Mitral valve
5th intercostal space, LHS, 1/3 along clavicle from midline
Apex of lung
Paravertebral line, bottom of C7 (on back), 2-3cm above the medial 1/3 of clavicle (on front)
List the four sinuses in the head
Maxillary, ethmoidal, frontal and sphenoidal (cheeks, sides of nose, forehead and back of nasal cavity)
List the three tonsils
Pharyngeal, palatotine and lingual (back of nasopharynx, throat and back of tongue)
Where does the heart notch start (indentation in mediastinum for heart)
4th intercostal space, parasternal
Where is the cardiophrenic angle (surface marking)
6th rib, parasternal
Where is the costophrenic angle (surface marking)
9th intercostal space, midaxillary line
How far down do lungs go, anterior view, on lateral edges?
To 7th intercostal space, approaching midaxillary line
How far down do lungs go, posterior view?
To rib 10 on paravertebral line, then horizontal
How far down does pleural cavity go, posterior view?
Rib 12 on paravertebral line, then horizontal
Vagus nerve – which way does it go round the lung hilum?
Posterior (at the back)
Phrenic nerve – which way does it go round the lung hilum?
Anterior (over the front)
Which is more medial in the neck, phrenic or vagus?
The vagus nerve is more medial (central)
What is the moderator band and what does it do?
A single specialised trabeculum which connects the septum and the anterior papillary muscle, carries conduction to the anterior wall of the right ventricle.
At what vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate (i.e. level of carina)
T4/5
What is a chylothorax?
Lymph fluid buildup in the pleural cavity
What signals are sent down the posterior ramus of the spinal nerve?
Somatic and visceral (autonomic) SENSORY
What signals go down the anterior (ventral) ramus of the spinal nerve?
Somatic and visceral (autonomic) MOTOR
What ‘pipe’ takes nervous signals into the sympathetic chain ganglia?
The WHITE RAMUS COMMUNICANS, this is lateral to GRC
What ‘pipe’ takes nervous signals back out of the sympathetic chain ganglia, back to the spinal nerve?
The GREY RAMUS COMMUNICANS, this is more towards the midline.
What are the four parts of the Tetralogy of Fallot?
Overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis
How can you treat coarctation of the aorta?
Prostaglandins, to keep it open
What is a persistent truncus arteriosus?
A ventricular septal defect where the aorta and pulmonary artery are joined, and the ventricles are interlinked (hole in septum)
What is cor triloculare biventriculare?
There’s no atrial septum so the heart has 3 chambers
What’s an ostium secundum defect?
The septum primum degenerated too much (too much apoptosis) and the septum secundum didn’t develop properly
What does the internal thoracic artery branch from?
The subclavian artery
Where do the bronchial arteries arise from?
The thoracic aorta
What is alecstasis?
Reduced inflation of the lungs
What does the thoracic lymph duct drain into?
The left subclavian vein
Where does the azygos vein drain into?
The superior vena cava (it loops over the right bronchus / lung root, and into the SVC)
Where do the bronchial arteries (which supply lung tissue) arise?
The aortic arch and sometimes on the right from an intercostal artery
Where does a chest drain go in?
5th intercostal space, low as possible, under arm (between anterior axillary and midaxillary lines)
Where are the hilar lymph nodes?
Above the lowest pulmonary vein in lung hilum
What is an empyma?
A buildup of pus in the pleural cavity :-p
How do the phrenic nerves get from the head to the thorax?
Down behind the subclavian veins
How do the vagus nerves get from the head to the thorax?
At the sides (lateral to) the carotid arteries
Where is the pulmonary plexus?
Anterior and posterior to the tracheal bifurcation and main bronchi
What is a cardiac tamponade?
Excess fluid in the pericardial cavity causes compression of heart
Where and what are the aortic sinuses?
Pockets / saclike dilations behind the semilunar cusps (the valve flaps), which feed the coronary arteries, also prevent the flaps sticking (!)
Which coronary artery feeds the SA and AV nodes, the most?
The RIGHT coronary artery
What is angina pectoris and what causes it?
Chest (and arm) pain, from ischaemia of myocardium, caused by obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries
Where is the cardiac autonomic plexus?
Under the arch of the aorta, it’s fed by the sympathetic trunk, and the vagus nerves
What happens if the tricuspid valve doesn’t close properly?
Dilation or hypertrophy of the right atrium
What did the ligamentum arteriosum used to be called (foetus)?
Ductus arteriosus
What happens if your ductus arteriosus remains patent after birth?
Pulmonary hypertension, ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure
What is rib notching and why does it happen?
Over a chronic period, ribs might have depressions from intercostal arteries under increased pressure, if a collateral circulation is going on (from coarctation of aorta)
What is pectus carinatum?
Where the sternum stick out, may lead to asthma
What is pectus excavatum?

Where the sternum looks pushed in, common with Marfan’s, reduces lung capacity and can compromise mediastinum.