Culture Final

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This model suggests that biological differencesbetween the sexes interact with the environment to produce culture-specific sexroles that are adaptations to the environment.

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biosocial model

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This concept relates to Mexican-American gender roledifferentiation and is characterized by traditional expectations of the malegender role, including being unemotional, strong, authoritative, andaggressive.

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machismo

Front 3

Men are relatively more jealous of this type ofinfidelity, whereas women are more jealous of this type of infidelity.

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sexualinfidelity (men) and emotionalinfidelity (women)

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These researchers examined gender differences inself-concept by having students in 14 countries rate 300 adjectives on theAdjective Checklist as to whether the adjectives were descriptive of themselvesor their ideal selves.

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Williams and Best

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This refers to the degree to which a person hasawareness or recognition that he or she adopts a particular gender role.

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GenderIdentity

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Breastfeeding is an example of this gender/sexterminology.

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sexrole

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This term describes the psychological or behavioralcharacteristics typically associated with men and women which may or may not betrue.

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gender stereotype

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This refers to judgements about what men and womenought to be like or do in a particular culture.

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gender role ideology

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This term refers to a gender identity that involvesendorsement of both male and female characteristics.

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androgyny

Front 10

Cultures high on this variable tend to have moralistattitudes about sex and place high importance on religion in life.

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masculinity

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Traditional cultures tend to view this as a virtue forunmarried women.

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chastity

Front 12

Attitudes regarding sex and sexuality are often tiedto this cultural value.

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honor

Front 13

This type of communication is among people of the samecultural background where they share the same ground rules about encoding anddecoding or cultural codes.

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intracultural communication

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This type of communication is between people ofdifferent cultural backgrounds where they do not use the same ground rules.

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intercultural communication

Front 15

This concept allows people to be conscious of theirown habits, mental scripts, and cultural expectations, as well as create newmental categories, remain open to new information, and be aware of multipleperspectives.

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mindfulness

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These difficultiesarise because of non familiarity or lack of fluency in speaking a language, andbecause of uncertainty or ambiguity about the intended meaning of messages whenreceived in a foreign language.

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foreign languageprocessing difficulties

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These types of cues involve tone of voice,intonation, pitch, speech rate, use of silence, and volume.

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paralinguistic cues

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This concept involves conveying verbal meaningwithout words and is culture specific.

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emblems

Front 19

This allows us to become more mindful of ourcommunication style and to engage in more constructive and open thoughtprocesses, thus creating new mental categories.

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regulating negative emotions

Front 20

This group of people may be considered the mostethnocentric of all people due to their geographic isolation and economic andmilitary power.

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Americans

Front 21

These are cultural systems for curing mental illness,such as folk healers, that are specific to one’s culture.

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Indigenous Healing Systems

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This happens when a clinician judges a behavior as pathologicalwhen it is in fact a normal variation of the client's culture?

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overpathologizing

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This occurs if a clinician indiscriminately explains aclient's behavior as cultural when it is in fact pathology?

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underpathologizing

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This is the view suggesting that culture andpsychopathology are inextricably intertwined, and that disorders can beunderstood only in the cultural framework within which they occur?

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Cultural Relativism

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These are types offamily communication characterized by hostility, criticism and emotional overinvolvement, which tend to exacerbate schizophrenic symptoms.

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Expressed Emotion

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This diagnosis will be the second leading cause ofillness-related disability by 2020 in the world.

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Major Depressive Disorder

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These syndromes are forms of abnormal behaviorobserved in certain specific sociocultural milieus

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cultural bound syndromes

Front 28

As compared to England, US, and Soviet Union, thesetypes countries tend to have a more positive course of the disease forschizophrenic patients, who tend to recover faster

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developing countries

Front 29

These are the specific countries that tend to have amore positive course of the disease for schizophrenic patients, who tend torecover faster.

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Columbia, India, & Nigeria

Front 30

Matsumoto & Juang specifically talk about thispopulation being one of the most likely to be overpathologized by MMPI-2?

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Native Americans

Front 31

This refers to how we think and feel about ourselves.

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self-esteem

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This is a collection of psychological processes bywhich we bolster ourselves.

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self-enhancement

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This theory suggests that, because humans have uniquecognitive abilities, we are the only animals aware of the fact that we willeventually die & are afraid/terrified of our inevitable death.

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TerrorManagement Theory

Front 34

Also known as a correspondencebias, this is a tendency to explain the behaviors of others usinginternal attributions but explain one's own behaviors using externalattributions.

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Fundamentalattribution error

Front 35

This type of false uniqueness effect is not commonly foundoutside of the United States

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betterthan average effect

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The better thanaverage affect appears to be stronger for this sex in the United States?

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Men

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This sense of self perception is based on theprinciple of the fundamental connectedness among people & describes aperson who views him/herself as unbounded, flexible & contingent.

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interdependentconstrual of self

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According to this theory, individuals focus onpersonal, internal attributes expressing them in public and verifying & confirmingthem in private through social comparison. This view of oneself is as a bounded entity, clearly separated fromrelevant others.

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independentconstrual of self

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This is a form of identity that refers to thequalities within our self in relation to others.

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Relational Identity

Front 40

This is when an individual is not recognized as amember of a group to which he or she identifies.

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identity denial

Front 41

In Buss' study about mate selection across culturesthe finding that males value reproductive capacity more highly than femalessupports this framework.

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evolutionary-based framework

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Schmitt's (2004) study found that people who engagedin this behavior were found to be more extraverted, disagreeable,unconscientious, unfaithful, and erotophilic.

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Mate poaching

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This type of love is more valued in cultures with few,strong extended family ties.

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romantic love

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This term refers to brief and commonplace daily verbal,behavioral, and environmental indignities, whether intentional orunintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slightsand insults to the target person or group.

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racialmicroaggressions

Front 45

This intercultural process refers to changing one'sbehaviors because of knowledge of the target culture's beliefs, norms and attitudes.

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Intercultural Adaptation

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This intercultural process refers is more affected bythe "cultural fit", emotional regulation and need for cognitiveclosure.

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Intercultural Adjustment

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This is definedbroadly as the interpersonal trust, civic engagement, & time spent w/friends.

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Social Capital

Front 48

This term refers to norms which place a strongemphasis on status and reputation that, if threatened, leads to violence andaggression.

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Cultures of honor

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With respect to the cross cultural studies oncooperation Individualistic Cultures were found to have more of these traits:

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What is being more trusting ofother and engaging w/ them, having higher volunteerism, and higher charitablegiving?

Front 50

This is the degree to which different societies andcultures develop ways to deal with anxiety and stress of resulting fromambiguity

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uncertainty avoidance

Front 51

This is a shared perception of organizationalpolicies, practices and procedures

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organizational climate

Front 52

This phenomenon was demonstrated in a study on Chineseschoolchildren and task completion in which researchers found that personalperformance was enhanced in group settings.

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social striving

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In this organizational decision making process,proposals are circulated to everyone in the organization who will be affectedby a decision. All views are taken into account for the proposal, and everyone’sconcerns are addressed.

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The Ringi System

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This refers to a collective pattern of thinking byeveryone in the group that hinders effective group decisions.

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groupthink

Front 55

A culture high on this Hofstede dimension is likely todevelop highly refined rules and rituals that are mandated and become part ofthe company rubric and normal way of operating.

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uncertainty avoidance

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This Hofstede dimension refers to the degree to whichcultures encourage delayed gratification of material, social, and emotionalneeds among its members.

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short-term/long-termorientation

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Cultures low on this Hofstede dimension are likely tominimize the rules, mechanisms, and rituals that serve to maintain andstrengthen the status relationships among organization members.

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power distance

Front 58

These terms differentiate the degree to which one’sties to an organization is bound by duty and obligation or personal feelingsassociated with one’s relationship to an organization

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normativeand affective commitment

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The GLOBE project found that these two characteristicsof leadership were universally endorsed as effective

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charismaand team orientation

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This is a principle under which contributions andefforts are considered in making organizational decisions

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equity