Culture And Classification Of Microbes (Ch 3)

Front 1

What does a eukaryote have that a prokaryote doesnt?

Back 1

nucleus
80s ribosomes
complex cell structure with organelles

Front 2

What are examples of eukaryotes?

Back 2

Fungi
Parasites - Protozoa

Front 3

Candida albicans

Back 3

fungus (yeast)

Front 4

Trichomonas vaginalis

Back 4

STD protozoa

Front 5

Ascaris lumbricoides

Back 5

worms

Front 6

Fungi formation

Back 6

growth of hyphae
fragmentation

Front 7

How fungi reproduce?

Back 7

through the production of spores

Front 8

What do spores do?

Back 8

multiply
survive
produce genetic variation
disseminate

Front 9

What are the prokaryotic characteristics?

Back 9

lack nuclear membrane around DNA
70s ribosomes
divide by binary fission
unique cell wall structure
less complex
way smaller than eukaryotes (um)

Front 10

Morphology (of bacteria)

Back 10

coccus
bacilli (rod)
vibrio
spriochete

Front 11

E coli. is what type of shape?

Back 11

Rod

Front 12

Staph aureus is what type of shape?

Back 12

coccus

Front 13

What makes viruses obligate parasites?

Back 13

can't replicate without infecting other cells
hijacking

Front 14

How is the structure of viruses

Back 14

smallest 100 nm
nucleic acid content is DNA or RNA

Front 15

Morphology of a virus

Back 15

polyhedral with no membrane

Front 16

Elements of a virus

Back 16

capsomere protein covering genetic material, forming a capsid

** capsid might have a membrane around it sometimes.

Front 17

Types of light microscopy

Back 17

brightfield
darkfield
phase-contrast
fluorescence

Front 18

Transmission (Brightfield)

Back 18

Everything is backwards. Add 10x for objective lense and 10x for ocular

Front 19

Darkfield

Back 19

makes the background dark and the image you are seeing (or what is being reflected on) light

Front 20

Positive staining

Back 20

dye sticks to the specimen we are trying to observe

Front 21

negative staining

Back 21

dye doesn't stick to the specimen, but lies around it

Front 22

Simple stains

Back 22

uses only a single dye
shows everything in the same color but can reveal the shape, size, and arrangement of the specimen

Front 23

Differential stains

Back 23

uses two differently comored dyes (primary and counterstain)
cell types determinant

Front 24

examples of differential stains

Back 24

gram stain, acid-fast, and endospore stain

Front 25

Gram staining

Back 25

Technique to determine bacteria

Front 26

Gram positive means

Back 26

Purple!!

Front 27

Gram negative means

Back 27

Pink!!

Front 28

Eukaryotic cells are always gram

Back 28

negative (pink) because they do not have a cell wall to absorb the dye.

Front 29

Acid-fast staining

Back 29

differentiates from acid fast bacteria which will turn pink to non acid fast bacterial which will turn blue

Front 30

Endospore staining

Back 30

dye is forced by heat onto spores. this distinguishes the spores from the cells they come from

Front 31

special stains

Back 31

emphasizes cell parts that are not revealed by using the other stains. Examples include capsule staining and flagellar staining

Front 32

Fluorescence microscopy

Back 32

microbes can be seen by making them fluorescent by attaching them to an antibody, which will cause them to produce a fluorescent protein in their cytoplasm - look through a UV light. CREATES A 3-d image

Front 33

Two types of Electron microscopy

Back 33

1. Transmission Electron Microscopy
2. Scanning Electron Microscopy

**used for viruses

Front 34

Transmission Electron Microscopy

Back 34

used to look through intracellular structures of organisms

Front 35

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Back 35

used to study surfaces of structures; surface almost looks 3-d

Front 36

Methods of culturing microorganisms (5 I's)

Back 36

Inoculation
Incubation
Isolation
Inspection
Identification

Front 37

Inoculation

Back 37

producing a culture by placing a tiny sample of a swab into a nutrient medium

Front 38

Isolation

Back 38

separating one species from another

Front 39

Streak Plate Method

Back 39

inserting a small droplet of culture or sample spread over the surface of the medium with an inoculating loop

Front 40

Spread plate method

Back 40

inserting a small volume of liquid that is already diluted with a sample pipette into a medium and spread evenly

Front 41

A colony can be formed by

Back 41

a single bacterial cell that will only have of that kind in that medium or from other bacterial cells that can be different or look similar.

Front 42

Agar plate we used is

Back 42

media that contains nutrients for the bacteria

Front 43

Types of Media

Back 43

Liquid
semisolid
solid

Front 44

Liquid media

Back 44

water based solutions that will show if there is bacteria in the solution but not know how many or what kind

Front 45

Semisolid media

Back 45

clot like; it can show if bacteria has motility

Front 46

Solid media

Back 46

Firm surface that can make cells form colonies. Good for culturing fungi and bacteria.

Front 47

Minimal media (synthetic)

Back 47

precisely chemically defined

Front 48

Complex media

Back 48

TSA agar plate; not completely chemically defined

Front 49

General purpose media

Back 49

can grow broadest amount of microbes; everything (almost)

EX: TSA

Front 50

Enriched Media

Back 50

contains complex substances that help support the growth of picky bacteria.

EX: Blood agar, chocolate agar ---- nyceria gonorhea

Front 51

Selective media

Back 51

selects organisms that can grow on the plate

EX: MSA (Mannitol) , MacConkey

Front 52

Differential media

Back 52

all organisms grow but they will all look differently

EX: MacConkey

Front 53

Mannitol-Salt Agar characteristics

Back 53

allows to grow vs inhibit bacteria
+ ---- will turn yellow because it ferments mannitol

Front 54

MacConkey agar

Back 54

DOES NOT DO GRAM +

Front 55

Incubation

Back 55

sample is placed in an incubator between 20-40 C

Front 56

What does a pure culture have?

Back 56

only a single known species (axenic)

**created by a subculture

Front 57

Mixed culture

Back 57

holds two or more identified species

Front 58

Contaminated culture

Back 58

unwanted or unexpected microorganisms

Front 59

Inspection and identification

Back 59

using genetic analysis or immunologic testing to identify the organism in a culture