Cultural Factors Midterm (Shalini Review)

Front 1

Culture

Back 1

System of shared values, beliefs, behaviors, and norms

Used to cope with the world and each other

Passed between generations through learning

Front 2

Ethnic Group

Back 2

The cultural heritage or aspects of culture that a group shares and attempts to hand down from one generation to the next through learning

Front 3

Cultural Competence

Back 3

Awareness and acceptance of differences

Outward acknowledgement of racism

Knowledge of client’s culture

Adaptation skills

Self-awareness

Front 4

Aspects of Culture/Ethnicity

Back 4

1. History – time period and conditions under which a group migrated or immigrated.

2. Social Status Factors – education, occupation, income

3. Social Group Interaction Patterns –Intra-group (within group relations) and Inter-group (between-group relations)

4. Value Orientation – standards by which members of a culture judge their personal actions and those of others.

5. Language and Communication: Verbal and Nonverbal

6. Family Life Processes – gender roles, family dynamics

7. Healing Beliefs and Practices – attitudes and beliefs about health.

8. Religion – spiritual beliefs and practices

9. Art and Expressive Forms – art, music, stories, dance, etc.

10. Diet/Foods – preferred food eaten by groups.

11. Recreation – activities, sports for leisure, etc.

12. Clothing – types, styles, and extent of body coverings.

Front 5

Ethnocentrism

Back 5

Belief that ones own group or culture is superior to all other groups o cultures

The tendency of most people to use their own way of like as a standard for judging others; now also indicates the belief, on the part of most individuals, that their race, culture, society, etc. are superior to all others

Can be an unconscious belief

Front 6

Indian Health Service

Back 6

Founded in 1955, an operating department within the U.S. Department of health and Human Services responsible for providing medical and public health services to members of federally recognized tribes and Alaskan Natives (with the goal of raising their health status to the highest possible level)

Front 7

Majority-Minority

Back 7

By 2050 majority of Americans will be minority groups

Front 8

OMB Directive 15

Back 8

Issued by U.S. Office of Management and Budget to standardize data collection (recommends five categories: American Indian or Alaskan Native, Asian or Pacific Islander, Black, Hispanic, and White)

First time the U.S. categorized races

Front 9

"One-Drop" Rule

Back 9

Codified into law in Virginia “Racial Integrity Act of 1924”

Race of the father determined the race of the child

Exception was white, who had to have two white parents

One drop of non-white blood resulted in a non-white child

In Loving vs. Virginia, 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court declared Virginia anti-miscegenation statute unconstitutional

1989 – U.S. National Center for Health Statistics changes birth certificate policy: race of the mother determines the race of the child, no exceptions

Front 10

Why Did Japan Change its Policy of Assigning Racial Group Status?

Back 10

Originally if your father was Japanese so were you, but then fertility rates were declining

Wanted to increase the amount of Japanese so now mother or father define Japanese status

Front 11

Rate

Back 11

Number of events in specified period
----------------------------------------------------
Average population during specified time period

(multiplied by 10^n)

Front 12

Prevalence

Back 12

The number of occurrences of a given disease or condition within a given population at a given point in time. Prevalence is typically expressed as a rate (prevalence rate). Prevalence rate is the number of cases of the disease or condition over the population

Front 13

Incidence

Back 13

The number of new cases of a given disease or condition with a given population of persons who are at risk of getting the disease at a given point in time. Incidence is typically expressed as a rate (incidence rate). Incidence rate is the number of new cases of the disease or condition over the number of persons exposed to risk during the time period being examined

Front 14

Life Expectancy

Back 14

Number of years a given individual can expect to live assuming that mortality conditions at their birth remain the same

Front 15

Mortality Crossover

Back 15

Hypothesis that immigrants who have survived that long has survived that long for a reason, thus they are more resilient

Front 16

Socio-environmental/Contextual Causes

Back 16

focus on social and environmental exposures
examples: proximity to toxic waste and pollution

Front 17

Psycho-social/Behavioral Causes

Back 17

examples: smoking, stress, perceived racism

Front 18

Bio-physiological Causes

Back 18

Genetic or biological predisposition

Front 19

Whitehall Studies

Back 19

Charted the health of 29,000 British Civil Servants and found the lower their grade of employment the worse their health

Death rates and illness correlated to status even when screening for unhealthy behavior (and despite Britain’s universal health care system)

Front 20

Majority of the U.S. Poor are...

Back 20

White

Front 21

Brace's Definition of "Racialism"

Back 21

Belief that there are inherited traits possessed by all members of a given group which they do no share with members of any other group

Front 22

Facial Angle

Back 22

Compared humans to apes, the sharper the angle the more primitive the face

Front 23

Kimara Jones' Three Levels of Racism

Back 23

Institutionalized (differential access to goods, services, opportunities)

Personally-Mediated (prejudice and discrimination)

Internalized (acceptance by members of the stigmatized races of negative messages about their own abilities)

Front 24

Mindy Fullilove's Argument Against Using Race in Public Health Research

Back 24

Race is an arbitrary system of visual classification

Racism and not race that is the principle factor in organizing social life (we should study racism not race)

Front 25

BiDil

Back 25

First drug (for heart disease) targeted specifically to one ethnic group

Front 26

Health Status Disparities

Back 26

Differences in health status (e.g. morbidity, mortality, functional status, etc.) among racial/ethnic groups

Front 27

Health Care Disparities

Back 27

Differences in the access, use, quality, or outcomes of health care services received by racial/ethnic minorities

Front 28

Behavioral Model of Health Services

Back 28

(Determines whether or not a person will seek care)
Enabling factors
Predisposing Factors
Need for health care

Front 29

Infant Mortality Differences Between Blacks and Whites

Back 29

African American women with a college degree have a higher infant mortality rate than white high school drop outs

Front 30

Michael Lew Life Course Perspective

Back 30

The health status of the child or infant is determined by the entire life course of their mother (so disparity in health outcome is a consequence of all of the stressors dealt with by African American women)

Front 31

Fertility Rate

Back 31

# of births
-------------------
# of women of childbearing age

Front 32

Birth Rate

Back 32

# of births
-------------------
entire population

Front 33

Acculturation

Back 33

Process by which an individual raised in one culture enters the cultural institutions of another and becomes assimilated

Front 34

Acculturation Hypothesis

Back 34

Hispanics have better health outcomes than non-Hispanic whites because there are aspects of their culture that are protected (confianza/confidence, familismo/family, and respeto/latinos)

Front 35

Hispanic Epidemiological Paradox

Back 35

Hispanics have good health outcomes despite low SES

Front 36

Data Reliability Hypothesis

Back 36

Until 1978 death records did not code for Hispanic ethnicity thus death rates were estimated from last names

Front 37

Salmon Bias Hypothesis

Back 37

Migrants return home when they become seriously ill or reach old age (no death records in the U.S.)

Front 38

The Healthy Migrant Hypothesis

Back 38

Only healthy and vigorous people migrate to other countries

Front 39

Most Common HIV Transmission Risk Category (2005-2008)

Back 39

Male to male sexual contact

Front 40

Risk Factor Hypothesis

Back 40

The Hispanic mortality rate is greater than the White rate for some causes of death, yet less than the White rate for others is because of the distribution of health risks and protective factors among Hispanics

(lower rates of smoking but also lower rates of childhood immunizations)

Front 41

NYC Neighborhoods with High HIV Rates

Back 41

Chelsea, Harlem, South Bronx, Brownsville, and East New York

Front 42

Professionals Most Likely to See People With Mental Illness Other Than Psychologists

Back 42

Law enforcement officers and judges

Front 43

Civil Commitment

Back 43

The practice of placing a person in a psychiatric hospital or ward against their will (usually 72 hours requiring re-evaluation at fixed intervals)

Front 44

Model Minority

Back 44

Asian/Pacific Islanders (much fewer health risks because of so many protective factors in their culture)

Front 45

Culture Bound Syndrome

Back 45

Psychological conditions confined to certain cultures or cultural groups

Front 46

Idioms of Distress

Back 46

Ways different cultures express or experience different forms of stress

Front 47

Examples of Idioms of Distress (Somatization)

Back 47

Asians - dizziness, vertigo, and blurred vision

Africans - ants crawling under skin, burning of the feet

Front 48

Most Common Referral CHAI Provides

Back 48

Domestic violence and violence

Front 49

Williams and Sternhall Definition of Social Structure

Back 49

Social structure refers to enduring patterns of social life that shapes an individual’s attitudes and beliefs, behaviors and actions, and material and psychological resources

Front 50

Williams and Sternhall's 6 Ways Racism Can Effect Health

Back 50

Restricts socioeconomic attainments by limiting access to education

Concentration of poverty → exposure to elevated levels of stress

Front 51

Pathways Racism Can Effect Health (Kreiger Reading)

Back 51

Economic and social deprivation

Toxic substances and hazardous conditions

Socially inflicted trauma (mental, physical, and sexual) directly experienced or witnessed

Verbal threats / violent acts

Targeted marketing of commodities that effect health (junk food, tobacco, etc)

Front 52

Two Groups that Historically Could Petition For U.S. Citizenship

Back 52

Whites and (after slavery) Blacks

Front 53

Money and Erhart's Definition of Sex

Back 53

The physical attributes that are anatomically and physiologically defined

Front 54

Money and Erhart's Definition of Gender

Back 54

Psychological and behavioral transformation of the self, internal conviction that one is either male or female

Front 55

How Many People Are Born Intersex Per Year

Back 55

1 out of 2,000

Front 56

Due to Delicate Constitutions Women Were Historically Classified as Inferior Except For...

Back 56

Slaves and working class women

Front 57

Values

Back 57

Ideas of right and wrong

Front 58

Beliefs

Back 58

View of reality shared by a group

Front 59

Norms

Back 59

Range of permissible behaviors established by the group

Front 60

Roadblocks Within a Culture

Back 60

Expecting an alien culture to mirror your own (stereotypes, biases, etc.)

Front 61

"Culture Shock"

Back 61

Adverse reaction to an alien environment with real emotional and physical effects

Front 62

What ethnic group has the lowest fertility rate in the U.S.?

Back 62

Whites

Front 63

Problems With the Use of Race in Health Research

Back 63

Concept has not been clearly defined nor consistently applied

No consensus definition

Often confounded with other concepts such as ethnicity or nationality

Existence of races has little support from biogenic research

Front 64

Ashley Montagu (1942)

Back 64

"The fallacy of race"

Front 65

Race is a political designation because...

Back 65

Public policy defines it (when the census removes a check box (e.g. mulatto) one can no longer define themselves by that title)

Front 66

Infant Mortality Rate

Back 66

Infant deaths per 1,000 live births

Front 67

Strongest Predictor of Infant Death

Back 67

Birth weight

Front 68

Factors That Contribute to Life Span

Back 68

Socio-environmental
Behavioral
Genetic

Front 69

In the U.S. ________ conditions are the leading cause of death

Back 69

Chronic

Front 70

Years of Potential Life Lost

Back 70

Before age 75

Front 71

Distal Causes

Back 71

Further removed from disease manifestation

Front 72

Transitional Causes

Back 72

Factors that mediate distal causes or factors that are closer to disease manifestation

Front 73

Proximal Causes

Back 73

Biological factors that lead to disease

Front 74

Index of Dissimilarity (IOD)

Back 74

A measure of racial residential segregation
(whites are always used as a comparison group)

Front 75

Resource Deprivation Theory

Back 75

Racial/ethnic disparities in health status exist because minorities are more likely than whites to live in communities that are lacking in necessary infrastructure to support a healthy lifestyle

Front 76

Transitional Causes

Back 76

Factors that mediate distal causes or factors that are closer to disease manifestation

Front 77

Proximal Causes

Back 77

Biological factors that lead to disease

Front 78

Index of Dissimilarity (IOD)

Back 78

A measure of racial residential segregation
(whites are always used as a comparison group)

Front 79

Resource Deprivation Theory

Back 79

Racial/ethnic disparities in health status exist because minorities are more likely than whites to live in communities that are lacking in necessary infrastructure to support a healthy lifestyle

Front 80

Weathering Hypothesis

Back 80

Health status of minorities begins to prematurely deteriorate in young adulthood (do to long term exposure to social and financial stress)

Front 81

John Henryism

Back 81

An active response against difficult odds emerged as a wide spread behavioral phenomenon among black Americans post-Civil War (explains why Blacks have higher rates of hypertension)

Front 82

Slavery Hypertension Hypothesis

Back 82

Result of selective survival

(Salt deprivation and brutal treatment during the Atlantic Slave TRade lead to an extremely high mortality rate)

Front 83

Excess Death

Back 83

When death rate is higher than predicted

Front 84

Sense of Control in Your Life

Back 84

Stress response kicks in when you feel out of control

When stress pathways have prolonged activation age is accelerated and immune system weakens

Front 85

Social Reforms

Back 85

Many African Americans were excluded
e.g. New Deal and the GI Bill

Front 86

1960s and 1970s

Back 86

Black/White income inequality shrunk --> health disparity shrunk

Front 87

Homicide and HIV are Top 10 Leading Causes of Death for...

Back 87

Blacks

Front 88

Risk Exposure Theory

Back 88

Minorities are more susceptible to socioeconomic factors

Front 89

Harburg Study

Back 89

High crime area --> high blood pressure

Front 90

IMPORTANT Things Learned from John Henryism

Back 90

Efficacious mental/physical vigor
Single minded attention to achieve one's goals
Commitment to hard work

Front 91

Effects of Racial Segregation

Back 91

Concentrates poverty
Restricts socio-economic opportunity
Pathogenic residential conditions

Front 92

Who Has the Strongest Belief in Meritocracy?

Back 92

Those who bear the brunt of inequalities

Front 93

Beliefs in Meritocracy Can...

Back 93

Increase the risk of internalized racism due to failure of obtaining the American dream

Front 94

Enabling Factors
(Behavioral Model of Health Services Use)

Back 94

Structural or material resources that can be barriers or facilitators in seeking care (e.g. access to transportation)

Front 95

Predisposing Factors (Behavioral Model of Health Services Use)

Back 95

Patient's inclination to use health services (e.g. cultural beliefs)

Front 96

Need for Health Care (Behavioral Model of Health Services Use)

Back 96

Patient's perceived need for services

Front 97

Largest Minority Group in the U.S.

Back 97

Hispanic/Latino

Front 98

Substance Use and HIV Prevention Interventions Should Target

Back 98

Physical and social environments where youth gather

Front 99

The _____ You Are The Worse Risk of Psychiatric Disorders What You Immigrate to America

Back 99

Younger

Front 100

Ethics of Omission (CHAI)

Back 100

Act, react, interact

Front 101

Davenport Statement

Back 101

About immigrants polluting the population

Front 102

Legally Enforcing "Black"

Back 102

To enforce Jim Crowe Laws/segregation
(your race could change across state lines)

Front 103

Tokowa Ozawa (1922)

Back 103

Japanese business man that petitioned for naturalization

Argued that he was very white and one shouldn't be judged on their race but on their beliefs

Front 104

"The House I Live In"

Back 104

Oscar winning short

Front 105

FHA warned that the presence of more than 1 or 2 non-white families would...

Back 105

Devaluate neighborhoods

Front 106

National Appraisal System

Back 106

Federal investigators searched cities for "financial risk" (all minority neighborhoods got low ratings and thus were "redlined")

Front 107

Block Busting

Back 107

Plays on fears of whites who sold their homes which Blacks bought at elevated prices

Front 108

Theory of Sex Differences

Back 108

Cranioscopy Theory
Psychoanalytic Theory
Evolutionary Theory
Social Constructionist Theory
Bisocial Theory

Front 109

Cognitive Functioning

Back 109

Brain's thinking process

Front 110

Affective Functioning

Back 110

Moods, feelings, and emotions

Front 111

Behavioral Functioning

Back 111

Aspects of behavior that are integrated into normative social interactions

Front 112

Mental Health

Back 112

Successful mental functioning resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships with other people, and the ability to adapt to change and to adapt to adversity

Front 113

Mental Health Problems

Back 113

Signs and symptoms of insufficient intensity or duration to meet the criteria for any mental disorder

Front 114

Mental Illness

Back 114

All mental disorders (characterized by alterations in mood, thinking, or behavior)