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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is culture?
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Everything people have (possessions), you think (values & beliefs), everything you do (your behavior) as a member of society.
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Characteristics of culture
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Learned
Shared Symbolic Adaptive Changing Integrated Organizes people's thoughts about the world |
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Characteristic of Culture: Learned
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A process by which a culture is transmitted from generation to generation
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Characteristic of Culture: Observation
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Learn language, dress code, what you eat, behavior roles, politeness. Things that are easy to observe and copy.
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Characteristic of Culture: Education
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Set of rules regarding your cultural identity
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Characteristic of Culture
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Values
Belief Behavior |
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How many major facial expressions are there?
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6
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Why do we follow rules?
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We like to conform for social acceptance. e.g. When you walk into an elevator you turn around.
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Biocultural Model
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Biology and culture influence one another. When is a person a person?
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Taboo
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Behavior that is prohibited by a culture.
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Universal taboo
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Incest
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Arguments against incest.
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Genetic
Psychological Sociological theory Economic & political reasons |
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Arguments against incest: Genetic
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Harmful effects - this is a bad argument. Most people do not have this knowledge and harmful effects are not bad enough to cause extinction.
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Arguments against incest: Psychological
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Familiarity breeds contempt. We have a natural aversion. This argument is more relevant to siblings.
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Arguments against incest: Sociological theory
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Causes confusion within family structure. It disrupts family cohesion. This is a bad argument - families figure this out especially when parents move in with children.
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Arguments against incest: Economic/Political
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This is the best argument. Because alliances made through marriage are so important, incest doesn't make sense for the culture.
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Learned behavior: Eating
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What we eat and how we eat is a cultural thing. What we eat, with whom, and who eats first.
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Learned behavior: Elimination
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Urinals or outside
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How are behaviors and attitudes shared?
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Formed through interactions with others.
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How is culture shared?
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Through behaviors and attitudes
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Differences in sharing vary by
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Age
Timeline Gender Status |
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Subculture variation in sharing
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They see themselves as different in some significant way. However, like the Amish, they basically share the same basic social values as others within the nation.
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How is culture changing?
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Shared behaviors can be modified or replaced over time.
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How can shared behaviors be modified or replaced over time?
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From within: Ideas (marriage), Inventions (Pony Express)
From outside: Diffusion (borrowed), agriculture, fast food. |
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How is culture integrated?
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One change will begin a chain reaction
Culture organizes the way you think |
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Examples of the way culture is integrated
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During WWII when women went to work, the economy changed. Day care industry cropped up, father took on more role, fast food more prevalent (TV dinner), divorce laws changed, education opened to women.
Working population is aging because women don't want to stay home (they go to work) |
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How is culture ethnocentric?
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World view: the way we see the world and other people.
Naturalized concepts: Capitalism Counter culture: opposes what is normal |
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How is culture symbolic?
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Language is the most important symbol. Language constructs our reality.
Class structure Social identity (Gestures) |
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How are languages extinguished?
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Kill all who speak it
Forbidden by government Mixing of cultures |
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How is culture adaptive?
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Customs respond to physical & social environment to ensure survival.
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Benefit to ethnocentrism?
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Benefits to maintaining your cultural heritage.
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Culture shock
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What makes you a stranger when you leave your culture.
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Cultural relativism
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Cultural patterns are best understood when seen through the culture itself.
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Cultural universals
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Learned behavior patterns that are shared by all humanity. e.g.
Division of labor within families Art |
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Anthropology
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Study of humans. Science that deals with the origins physical characteristics & cultural development of mankind.
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Father of Ethnocentricity
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Heroditus - Greek, oral
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Ethnocentricity
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Your culture is superior to others
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Tacitus
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Ethnography - detailed description of cultural through first hand knowledge. Talked about how "barbarians" were dangerous to Romans
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Marco Polo
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First participant observer
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Participant observer
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takes part in the culture
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Modern Anthropology
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Act as a guest. Don't try to change the people you're living with
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Naked Savage
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Fundamental Catholics when they arrived in another culture saw the naked people & clothed then because Adam & Eve were naked and ashamed.
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Problem with classifying cultures as barbarians
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Incas were civilized
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Theories of physical evolution
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Polygenists
Monogenists |
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Polygenists
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Several Adams and Eves
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Monogenists
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One Adam and Eve which adapted to their environment
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Christian explanations of evolutionary evidence
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Catholics believe that Satan planted fossils. Extinction - God decided to wipe them out
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Stages of unilineal evolution
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1st stage - savagery
2nd stage - barbarism 3rd stage - civilization |
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Savagery
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Simplest society
fire use bow and arrow sexually promiscuous and deviant animism - everything has a spirit |
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Barbarism
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pottery making
domestication of plants and animals iron tools polygamy polytheism |
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Civilization
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most complex
alphabet and writing formal government monogamy monotheism |
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Unilineal evolution
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Theory of cultural evolution that lasted for 30 years
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Problems with unilineal evolution
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What about extinction of civilizations?
Why savages haven't moved up? |
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Diffusionism
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Culture begins somewhere and then moves out. Thought culture began in Egypt felt that the further away from Egypt the less civilized.
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Problem with Diffusionism
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They saw that cultures that were more civilized in different places.
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What would inhibit culture from spreading to different places?
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Geographical barriers
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Functionalism
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Cultural features explained in terms of how they meet the needs of the individual and group
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Examples of functionalism
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Religion - teaches right from wrong
If you cooperate you can work on things like food production which is a biological need. |
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Problems with Functionalism
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Why are things done differently in different environments
how do you explain conflict |
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Neo Evolution
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Cultures advance when energy is harnessed
Cow to plow the field - if you feed more people the culture grows |
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Problem with neo evolution
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Why hasn't everyone done this?
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Psychological Anthropology
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The way your parents brought you up
Relationship between culture and personality & the role of child rearing |
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Sociobiology
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Favored cultural traits that help reproductive success
e.g. conflict gives men access to more females Spread genes, sharing food (gives you more prestige, power and wives) Makeup - red butt chimps Nepotism - favoring your family |
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Theory of cultural evolution that lasted for 30 years
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Unilineal Evolution
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Cultural Ecology
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Influence of environment on society
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Australopithecus
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1st bi-pedal
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Theories why Australopithecus walked partially upright
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Reproductive behaviors
had to stand to bring food back Environmental - live in savannas can see enemies can reach better easier to carry things absorb less heat |
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Characteristics of Australopithecus
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Brain like chimp
No real language - sign, grunts Family groups Nomadic - temporary shelters Camp by water Use of hands - no stone tools but use twigs Teeth small canines large back molars No fire - food veggie and raw small animals eggs scavengers Sociable |
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Homo Habilis
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Handy man
Lived alongside Australopithecus |
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Characteristics of Homo Habilis
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Larger brain
Smaller Jaw Powerful hands & feet Nomadic Stone tools - 1st toolmaker Eat meat - scrape, butcher More protein - more brain Scavenge |
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Homo Erectus
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2x's brain size
Totally upright all the time Smaller rounder pelvis babies born earlier Use fire & control it - did not make it No more heavy jaws sharper teeth brow ridges to anchor muscles Complex tools, needles, hole punch |
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Fire use by Homo Erectus
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Drive away animals
Better hunter Cook food absorption of vitamins more calories more protein Occupy campsites longer Could live in houses or caves - 20 to 40 people Light at night - vocalizations became more developed could plan hunting at night teach young |
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Homo Neanderthalensis
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Cold climate
stocky muscular large front teeth nose cavity - air could warm up before it hits lungs chewed hides to make clothing caves with fire More tools stone knife fishing, bird hunting, hide scrapers, spear points |
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Evidence that Homo Neanderthalensis was moving toward culture
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Occasionally bury dead
because they stayed longer in one place and bodies smelled Group took care old & deformed |
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What happened to Homo Neanderthalensis?
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May have interbred with Homo Sapien (no DNA link) or overlap with HS. HS smarter so HN may have starved or died in war.
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Homo Sapien - Where?
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Africa, Asia, Europe
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Cro-Magnon
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Type of Homo Sapien from Western Europe
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Characteristics of Cro-Magnon
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Large brain
Language - 1st real culture Cave art Jewelry Figurines more specialized tools needles & thread Beads Burials. Religion Social Statue evidenced by some beads being more elaborate than others. |
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Homo-Floresiensis
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Found in Philippines
3 feet tall Mini Homo Erectus Hunted pygmy elephants Spear points Some say they're pygmies |
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Physical Variations
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Darker skins in hotter places for protection.
Natural Adaptation - lighter skin in colder climates better to absorb vitamin D Hair - tight curls like a cap to protect Nose - add moisture long nose - dry climate heat up air Tibet - little facial hair to protect from frost bite |
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Primatology
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Study behavior of primates to see what primitive man might have been like
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What do primatologists study?
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Tool making
grooming curiosity facial expressions catching and killing food sharing food male/female bonding |
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Medical Anthropology
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Bridges the gap between biology & culture
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What does a medical anthropology study?
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Cultural health - witchcraft, yin/yang
Who cures - shaman, doctor |
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Cultural Anthropology
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Study of patterns of life within human society whether existing or extinct
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Areas of study within cultural anthropology
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archeology
linguistics ethnography urban anthropology anthropology of women applied anthropology |
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Archeology
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Study of material remains from past societies to describe & Explain those cultures
thru artifacts alone (pre-historic) thru written records (historic) Wall paintings houses bones burial trash |
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Linguistics
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How language changes and meanings of words change
lady vs. woman bachelor vs. spinster Who talks more Talk with reverence We want to save languages |
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Psychological Anthropology
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Study of how you were brought up
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Urban Anthropology
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Studies people living in cities
gangs are like tribes neighborhoods - mini cultures occupations street kids |
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Anthropology of women
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power of women
economic power equal |
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Applied Anthropology
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Take knowledge learned in school and apply it to practical problems
Used in business - inner culture |
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Examples of Applied Anthropology
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New types of crops - large scale vs. small scale farming
Medicine - combine western and shaman Figuring out how traditional cultures can participate in the global economy without destroying their culture. |
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Forensic Anthropology
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Example of Applied Anthro
Put bodies together after a disaster Salvage archeology - save historical site before building a new building |
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Medical Anthropology
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Example of Applied Anthropology Immunize without making the shaman mad
dental health nutrition |
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Functions of religion
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Intellectual
Psychological Social |
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Intellectual function of religion
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Explain the unexplainable
Environment Lightening Eclipse of the sun Dream about dead people Natural disasters Questions - why was my house spared? |
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Psychological function of religion
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Help to cope in times of stress
Illusion of controlling events |
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Psychological function of religion - coping with stress
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Death
Alchololics Want to know why we are here Want to understand our mortality We want to think there is something larger than ourselves? |
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Psychological function of religion - Controlling events
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Lucky charms
Mana Superstitions |
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Psychological function of religion
Controlling events Lucky Charms |
Rabbit's foot
close to underground spirits Easy to dry and cut off Statuary Amulets 4 leaf clover - trinity + extra grace |
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Psychological function of religion
Controlling events Mana |
Unseen force that is impersonal
Something that you must believe |
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Psychological function of religion
Controlling events Superstitions |
Unreasonable belief in the significance of something
#13 - 13 at the last supper #4 - in china & korea pronounced the same as the word for death |
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When do we turn to the supernatural?
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When we feel like we have less control over our lives.
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Function of Taboos
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Social control - provides a standard of behavior
Strengthens solidarity through and "us" mentality Sustain awesomeness of supernatural by its power to punish |
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Social Function of religion
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Discipline
Cohesion Support from community Ritual |
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Social Function of religion
Discipline |
Encourages accepted behavior
if you don't act a certain way, bad things will happen |
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Social Function of religion
Cohesion |
Group solidarity
Social bonding |
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Social Function of religion
Support from community |
Will get visitors if sick
Help in times of trouble |
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Social Function of religion
Ritual |
Ceremony with established gestures
everyone knows what to do and how to do it, step 1, 2, 3, 4 Helps us relate to the supernatural beings and "feel good" Religious people have fewer physical illnesses and mental illnesses |
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Taboo as a controlling mechanism
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Restriction of place or abject that can cause harm if entered or used
e.g. hunting horn can only be blown by men We don't disturb graves Men can't go into a hut where a woman is giving birth |
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Taboo as an environmental strategy
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Pork restriction came from an environmental and economic change. Cut down trees for agriculture along the river, no more shade, no more water, pigs need food and gave no milk, skin or hair.
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Benefits to ritual activity
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Release endorphins
Better if you're part of a community than for yourself gives you a mild high |
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Benefit of being in a Cult
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Psychological - takes out the daily stress of making decisions
Community - Supportive Discipline - emphasis on authority Cohesion - have their own rituals and symbols us vs. them |
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Definition of religion
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the belief & ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers and forces.
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Religion is _____________ among cultures
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universal
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How are supernatural portrayed?
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Personified
Non- personified |
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Personified supernatural
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- beings, spirits, gods, goddesses, demons, ghosts
Person-like - emulate you but they are accessible |
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Non- personified supernatural
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No "form" or personality
power through magic or cannibalism |
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Why is mana neutral?
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You decide what you want to do with it. You either use it for good or evil.
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Magic
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Manipulation of forces for influencing activities
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Positive uses of magic
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Divination
Wicca Church of Satan |
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Positive uses of magic - divination
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Look into the future
magical procedure to find that which is hidden Rooster - rising sun Person with obvious difference - touched by god |
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Positive uses of magic - Wicca
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Modern day western magic
Channel your natural magical powers for good Allow your natural diety to come out Pagan had power but Christians took it away |
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Church of Satan
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Want to become a deity by tapping into the power of Satan
Communicate with Satan in a hope that the universe will open up to you |
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Negative uses of magic
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Witchcraft
Sorcery |
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Negative uses of magic - witchcraft
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Attempting to do harm by psychic powers in thought and emotion
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Characteristics of a witch
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antisocial
unpleasant physical feature cause sickness, death or natural disasters work in secret and at night familiars - nocturnal animals the victims are their friends and family |
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Functions of believing in witches
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to explain something that has happened for which no cause can be readily found
Your sick because you've been bewitched - go to the witchdoctor |
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Sorcery
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Use of materials to invoke the spirits to do harm
e.g. zombie - social control |
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Difference between witchcraft and sorcery
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Witchcraft is inborn and sorcery is learned.
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Religion vs. Magic
Similarities |
Non rational - taken on faith
You have to believe it will work mind/body connection |
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Religion vs. Magic
Differences |
Goals: religion deals with the big stuff while witchcraft deals with the day to day.
Methodology: religion requires that you pray to the supernatural in witchcraft you manipulate power to make it do what you want it to do Religion is a group activity witchcraft is solitary Timing - religion certain time witchcraft any time Officials - magic not a job for life, religion lifetime |
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Attitudes about the dead
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Leave society never to return
Dead remain active |
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Personality
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a distinctive way a person thinks feels and behaves
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Gender
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cultural or social The way members of the two sexes are perceived, evaluated and expected to behave.
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Theories of Personality
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Evolutionary
Socio-cultutal |
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Theories of Personality - Evolutionary
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how much of your personality is inherited?
Men - dominant and aggressive Physically stronger, more body mass Males have androgen which is aggressive Theory that Rape is about procreation not about dominance Women - non aggressive care- givers Smaller Choose the mates who were strong and aggressive Dominance was passed to children |
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Theories of Personality - Socio-cultural
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Environment Genetics aside
Depends on degree of aggressiveness needed to protect economy Agrarian less aggressive Herding - need to protect animals because you have to protect your herd West and South Violence to promote a man's reputation - if you're promoted through violence |
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Margaret Mead and Adolescence
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Early anthropology tied personality, biology and culture
Went to Samoa studied adolescence and stress Not a lot of stress around sex Stress is cultural (not a participant observer - she lived with a family outside the community) Children didn't need to leave home |
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Teaching Gender Roles
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Kids learn by imitating parents
Toys and games Preparation for adult life |
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Differences is speech patterns between women and men-women
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Talk softer
Better grammart Discuss more intimate topics Stay on a subject longer than men |
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Gender Blurring
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Cultural issue
- women in sports -"Third" Gender - cross gender |
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Child Rearing Patterns:
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Independence training
Dependence training |
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Independence training - family structure and values
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live in a nuclear family - Neo local residence
Values self reliance |
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Dependence training
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Training by extended family
Assigned tasks for all - the good of the entire family |
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Stereotyping
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gives you a buffer so you know what to expect.
Comfort zone |
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Prejudice
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negative stereotyping
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Core Values
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Ideals of social behavior and related to personality traits
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________ across the globe are closer in personality around the world then _______
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Farmers
Industrial |
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Normalcy & Personality
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Cultural: Defined by culture itself - (what's normal and abnormal)
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How much deviance is tolerated?
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Does the behavior threaten the survival of the group?
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Types of abnormal personality
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Neurosis
Psychosis |
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Neurosis
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being disturbed or stressed out because you can't measure up to the norms of society
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Psychosis
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retreat from reality, disturbed emotions, delusions
Can be culture specific |
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Where is recovery for neurosis and psychosis best? Why?
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"Dependent" social structures because you're needed as a worker
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What type of culture is more accepting of deviant behavior?
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Cultures with fewer rules and regulations
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What is the benefit of prejudice?
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Binds a culture as a group
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How does prejudice bind a culture as a group?
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"Us vs. them"
Transfer fears onto a target group Justifies dominance over another group |
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Which type of child rearing pattern is practiced more widely in the world?
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Dependence training.
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Benefits to culture and individual in dependence training
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Promotes obedience and harmony in the culture
Individuals have more support and have less stress in life |
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In dependence training where does your definition of who you are come from?
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The group
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Neo local residence - Independent training
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New residence - not with parents or extended family.
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How do independent trainers teach self reliance
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Babies in their own bedroom
Chores |
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Downside of independent training
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Downside - lack of support
People may become too aggressive - high competition |
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Where does your definition of self come from in independent training?
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Definition of "Self" comes from yourself
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Value set - independent training
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Value achievement
Competitive behavior rewarded |
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Differences is speech patterns between women and men - men
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talk louder
more directly They talk louder than each other |
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Teaching gender roles - boys
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More physically active and aggressive
so they can be aggressive and combative GI Joe, guns, mixed martial arts, sports |
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Teaching gender roles - girls
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Girls play "nice and non-aggressively
Chores: prepare for being wives and mothers dolls, help with house |
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Differences in sharing vary by - Age
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younger & older have opposing views.
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Differences in sharing vary by - Timeline
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- when you become an adult
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Differences in sharing vary by - Gender
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Men are in power and they reap the benefits (households & children
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Differences in sharing vary by - Status
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Elite & rich have benefits
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Characteristics of culture: Values
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ideals which influence behavior
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Characteristics of culture: Belief
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cultural agreements
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Characteristics of culture: Behavior
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observable acts
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shared behaviors modified or replaced over time: From within
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Ideas (marriage), Inventions (Pony Express)
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shared behaviorsmodified or replaced over time: From outside
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Diffusion (borrowed), agriculture, fast food.
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