Cultural Anthropology Final

Front 1

kinship

Back 1

culturally-defined social relationships based on marriage and birth.

Front 2

consanguinity

Back 2

kinship based on birth.

Front 3

affinity

Back 3

kinship based on marriage.

Front 4

incest taboo

Back 4

rules against sex between relatives.

Front 5

descent

Back 5

ties people together through reputed common ancestry.

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patrilineal descent

Back 6

linkage of blood relatives through the father or male relatives only.

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matrilineal descent

Back 7

linkage of blood relatives through the mother or female relatives only.

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bilateral descent

Back 8

linkage of blood relatives through both the mother and father and males and females.

Front 9

descent groups

Back 9

a group defined on the basis of descent through common ancestry.

Front 10

clan

Back 10

descent group composed of lineages whose members believe they all descended from a common ancestor but cannot trace lineage backwards.

Front 11

marriage

Back 11

interpersonal union established in various parts of the world to form a familial bond that is recognized legally, religiously, or socially, granting both partners mutual conjugal rights and responsibilities.

Front 12

monogamy

Back 12

marriage or sexual relationship with only one person at a time.

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polygamy

Back 13

practice of having more than one sexual partner or spouse at a time.

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polygyny

Back 14

the practice of having several wives at a time.

Front 15

polyandry

Back 15

the practice of having several husbands at one time.

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endogamy

Back 16

marriage to someone within one's own social group.

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exogamy

Back 17

marriage to someone outside of one's own social group.

Front 18

dowry

Back 18

money, goods, or estate paid by a wife to her husband at marriage.

Front 19

bridewealth

Back 19

money, goods, or estate paid by a husband to wife at marriage.

Front 20

social status

Back 20

an individual's position in a stratified social setting.

Front 21

social roles

Back 21

behaviors one exhibits as a result of being in a social environment.

Front 22

ascribed status

Back 22

status unto which one is born

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achieved status

Back 23

status unto which one voluntarily enters.

Front 24

sex

Back 24

biological differences that distinguish between males and females.

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gender

Back 25

position in society built around sex categories.

Front 26

intersex

Back 26

sex characteristics that do not allow an individual to be classified as either male or female.

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Third Gender categories

Back 27

"third" gender categories
*Berdaches/Two-Spirits/Manly-Hearted Women
*Indian Hijras

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doing gender

Back 28

*continues throughout childhood
*behaviors are reinforced everywhere in our culture

Front 29

Hijras

Back 29

individuals in South Asia who are transgender or transsexual. Many hijras are born male and wear female clothing.

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Gender stratification

Back 30

differential access to resources and goods based on gender.

Front 31

Shamanic religions

Back 31

individual worship and rituals; little standardized beliefs; part-time religious practitioners; spiritual beliefs often animistic: power in natural objects, forces, plants and animals.

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Communal religions

Back 32

some standardization of beliefs but much individual interpretation.

Front 33

Olympian religions

Back 33

communal rituals; standardized but flexible beliefs and full time priests.

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Monotheistic religions

Back 34

communal rituals; standardized beliefs. full-time priests; one supreme all-powerful deity

Front 35

Shamans

Back 35

part time religious practitioners who often enter alternative state to communicate with the supernatural. Healers, but also dangerous as they can cause illness.

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Rituals

Back 36

formalized repetitive acts that often take place at certain times and in special places for specific purposes.

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Rites of passage

Back 37

ritualistic event that marks an individual's move from one status to another.

Front 38

Magic

Back 38

the power of influencing the course of events by using supernatural forces.

Front 39

colonialism

Back 39

political, social, economic and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time.

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settler colonialism

Back 40

colonial formation in which foreign family units move into a region.

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motive for colonialism

Back 41

*initially: search for wealth and land
*eventually: response to economic demands(increasing desire to acquire new goods, capitalism requires natural resources(land); capitalism requires markets for goods(people)

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consequences of colonialism

Back 42

*economic inequality, dependency, and underdevelopment.
*cultural oppression
*contemporary ethnic violence

Front 43

globalization

Back 43

*process that eliminates economic, political, and other cultural connections among people all over the world.
*connects the world based on capitalism

Front 44

consequences of globalization

Back 44

*increased movement of people across state boundaries.
*increased economic ties and global stratification.
*cultural diffusion and cultural hybridization.

Front 45

refugees

Back 45

person who leaves their country for fear of persecution based on religion, race, nationality, or political opinion.

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borrowing

Back 46

receiving something from someone temporarily with intent to return it.

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diffusion

Back 47

the movement of features from one culture to another.

Front 48

acculturation

Back 48

the process of adapting the cultural traits or social patterns of another group.

Front 49

accommodation

Back 49

process of mutual adaptation individuals or groups achieved by elimination or reducing hostility.

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syncretism

Back 50

reconciliation or attempted reconciliation of two opposing principles, practices or parties relating to philosophy or religion.

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cultural revitalization

Back 51

process of affirming and promoting peoples' individual and collective cultural identity.

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applied anthropology

Back 52

application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems.