Cultural Anthropology Ch 10-13

Front 1

Capitalist World Economy

Back 1

The single world system, which emerged in the sixteenth century, committed to production for sale, with the object of maximizing profits, rather than supplying domestic needs.

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Capital

Back 2

Wealth or resources invested in business, with the intent of producing a profit; makes the world interconnected.

Example: Land, labor, goods

Front 3

World-System Theory

Back 3

Immanuel Wallerstein; Key claim: an identifiable social system, based on wealth and power differentials, extends beyond individual economies, states and nations; nations occupy one of three categories according to political and economic power - 1) core, 2) semi-periphery, 3) periphery

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Core

Back 4

Dominant structural position in the world system; consists of the strongest and most powerful states with advanced systems of production.

Example: United States, Germany

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Semiperiphery

Back 5

Structural postition in the world system intermediate between core and periphery; exporters of goods and commodities, but lacking the power of core nations.

Example: Brazil, India, China, Russia

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Periphery

Back 6

Weakest structural postition in the world system; less mechanized producers of raw materials, agricultural commodities, and human labor.

Example: Africa, Bangladesh, Guatemala, Haiti, Bangladesh

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Industrial Revolution

Back 7

The historical transformation (in Europe, after 1750) of "traditional" societies through industrialization of the economy.

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Socio Economic Effect of Industrialization

Back 8

- Increased existing stratification

- Recruiting cheaper labor, including that of women and children

- Pollution, crowding and poor sanitation in urban environments leading to disease.

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Proletariat (working class)

Back 9

Those who must sell their labor to survuve; the antithesis of the bourgeoisie in Marx's class analysis.

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Bourgeoisie

Back 10

One of Karl Marx's opposed classes; owners of the means of production (factories, mines, large farms, and other sources of subsistence)

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Proletarianization

Back 11

Separation of workers from means of production; driven by industrialization; alienation

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Imperialism

Back 12

A policy of extending the rule of a nation or empire over foreign nations and of taking and holding foreign colonies

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Karl Marx believed

Back 13

Through class conciousness, workers could mobilize energy to influence the course of history; worker organization, trade unions, socialist parties, and others advocated for better wages and working conditions

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Colonialism

Back 14

The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time.

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Middle class

Back 15

Skilled professional workers

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Postcolonial

Back 16

Referring to interactions between European nations and the societies they colonized (mainly after 1800); more generally, it may be used to signify a position against imperialism and Eurocentrism

Example: Australia

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British Colonialism

Back 17

Led more by a drive for profit

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French Colonialism

Back 18

Led more by state, church and armed forces

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Intervention Philosophy

Back 19

Guiding principle of colonialism, conquest, missionization, or development; an ideological justification for outsiders to guide native peoples in specific directions

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Neoliberalism

Back 20

Revival of Adam Smith's classic economic liberalism, the idea that governments should not regulate private enterprise and that free market forces should rule; a currently dominant intervention philosophy.

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Max Weber

Back 21

Three demensions of social stratification; 1) wealth, 2) power, 3) prestige

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Marx vs Max

Back 22

Marx = economic, Max = power, wealth, prestige

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communism (lower case C)

Back 23

Describes a social system in which the community owns property and people work for the common good; Karl Marx.

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Communism (upper case C)

Back 24

Describes a political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and to establish a form of communism such as that which prevailed in the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1991; referred to as socialism, real socialism, actually existing socialism

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Colonialism & Identitiy

Back 25

Colonization has lasting consequences for identity; whole countries, social and ethnic groups, and political boundaries were colonial inventions

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Cultural Imperialism

Back 26

Practice of promoting and imposing one culture over otehrs (usually by more powerful societies over less powerful ones)

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communism vs Communism

Back 27

communism = abstract social system; Communism = actually existing political movement/system

Front 28

Postcolonial Studies

Back 28

Studies formation of empires, impact of colonization and state of contemporary post colonies

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Characteristics of Communism

Back 29

Authoritarianism and/or totalitarianism; communist party monopolized power; state owened means of production; sense of belonging to an international movement

Front 30

First World

Back 30

The 'democratic' West

Front 31

Second World

Back 31

Socialist and formerly-socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia

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Third World

Back 32

Developing or less developed countries

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First, Second and Third Class

Back 33

Common way of categorizing nations; although becoming less so, because ethnocentric

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Postsocialism

Back 34

States often following neoliberal agenda by privatizing; legacies of poverty, corruption, and problems of dealing with communist legacy

Front 35

World System Today

Back 35

- Many nations have shifted their positions, but the process of industrialization - and the systems of relations - continues today

- Culture of consumption = depletion of resources

- Environmental issues and less degradation

- Indigenous groups

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Indigenous Peoples

Back 36

The original inhabitants of particular territories; often descendants of tribespeople who live on as culturally distinct colonized peoples, many of whom aspire to autonomy.

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Ethnic Group

Back 37

Group shared by cultural similarities among members and differences between that group and others; share beliefs, values, habits, customs, norms, language, history

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Ethnicity

Back 38

Identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group and exlusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation.

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Minority Groups

Back 39

Subordinate groups in a social-political hierarchy, with inferior power and less secure access to resources than majority groups have.

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Majority Groups

Back 40

Superordinate, dominant, or controlling groups in a social-political hierarchy.

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Race

Back 41

An ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis.

Front 42

Identity

Back 42

Includes both how we define ourselves and how others define us.

Front 43

Classifications

Back 43

Have both social and cultural consequences and significance, but have no objective biological basis.

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Racism

Back 44

Discrimination against an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis.

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Racial Classification

Back 45

The attempt to assign humans to discrete categories (purportedly) based on common ancestry.

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Descent

Back 46

Rule assigning social identity on the basis of some aspect of one's ancestry.

Front 47

Hypodescent

Back 47

A rule that automatically places the children of a union or mating between members of different socioeconomic groups in the less privileged group.

Front 48

Status Shifting

Back 48

Complex societies have multiple social identities; ascribed/achieved status; sometimes mutually exclusive, sometimes not; constantly negotiate our social identities.

Example: United States

Front 49

Concept of Race

Back 49

For biologist, race is a genetically distinct, and usually geographically isolated, population of a species; zoologists use term 'subspecies'; Contrast with human races, neither genetically distinct nor reproductively isolated.

Front 50

Race in Japan

Back 50

"Us" vs. "Not us"

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Race in Brazil

Back 51

Fluid classifications based on phenotype, more than 500 labels

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Races

Back 52

Divisions of the human species based on difference in physical features (phenotypes) that are determined by heredity (genotypes)

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Phenotype

Back 53

An organism's evident traits, its 'manifest biology' - antatomy and physiology.

Front 54

Nation-State

Back 54

An autonomous political entity, a country, such as the United States or Canada.

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Nationalities

Back 55

Ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status (their own country)

Front 56

Assimilation

Back 56

The process of change that a minority group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates; the minority is incorporated into the dominant culture to the point that in no longer exists as a separate cultural unit.

Front 57

The Fallacy of Race

Back 57

Genetically inherited traits often have clinical distribution: continuous, progressive gradation (rather than discrete groups); Distribution can be discontinuous.

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Monogenism

Back 58

Belief that all humans have the same origin

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Polygenism

Back 59

Belief that people differ because of different lineages or evolutionary histories

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Plural Society

Back 60

A society that combines ethnic contrats, ecological specialization (use of different environmental resources by each ethnic group), and the economic interdependence of those groups.

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Multiculturalism

Back 61

The view of cultural diversity in a country as something good and desirable; a multicultural society socializes individuals not only into the dominant (national) culture, but also into an ethnic culture.

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Prejudice

Back 62

Devauling (looking down on) a group because its assumed behavior, values, capabilities, or attributes.

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Sterotypes

Back 63

Fixed ideas, often unfavorable, about what members of a group are like.

Front 64

Discrimination

Back 64

Policies and practices that harm a group and its members.

Front 65

Genocide

Back 65

Policies aimed at, and/or resulting in, the physical extinction (through mass murder) of a people perceived as a racial group, that is, as sharing defining physcial, genetic, or other biological characteristics.

Example: Jews in Nazi Germany, Muslims in Bosnia, Tutsi in Rwanda

Front 66

Ethnocide

Back 66

Destruction by a dominant group of a the culture of an ethnic group.

Example: anti-Basque campaign that the dicatator Francisco Franco waged in Spain.

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Refugees

Back 67

People who have been forced (involentary refugees) or who have chosen (voluntary refugees) to flee a country, to escape persectution or war.

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Cultural Colonialism

Back 68

Within a nation or empire, domination by one ethnic group or nationality and its culture/ideology over others.

Example: the dominance of Russian people, language and culture in the Soviet Union

Front 69

Applied Anthropology

Back 69

Application of anthropology perspectives, theory, methods, & data to identify, assess & solve contemporary problems (Kottak & Gezon); Grew again in the 1970s

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Academic Anthropology

Back 70

Expanded after WWII; Baby boom fueled growth of education system

Front 71

Westernization

Back 71

The diffusion of European cultures into tribal societies.

Front 72

Development Anthropology

Back 72

The branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, economic development.

Front 73

Equity, Increased

Back 73

A reduction in absolute poverty and a fairer (more even) distribution of wealth.

Front 74

Overinnovation

Back 74

Characteristic of development projects that require major changes in people's daily lives, especially ones that interfere with customary subsistence pursuits.

Front 75

Underdifferentiation

Back 75

Planning fallacy of viewing less developed countries as an undifferentiated group; ignoring cultural diversity and adopting a uniform approach (often ethnocentric) for very different types of project beneficiaries.

Front 76

Anthropology and Education

Back 76

Anthropological research in classrooms, homes, and neighborhoods, viewing students as total cultural creatures whose enculturation and attitudes toward education belong to a larfer context that includes family, peers, and society.

Front 77

Urban Anthropology

Back 77

The anthropological study of life in and around world cities including the study of urban social problems, differences between urban and other environments and adaptation to city life.

Front 78

Medical Anthropology

Back 78

Field that unites biological and cultural anthropologists in the study of disease, health problems, health care systems, and theories about illness in different cultures.

Front 79

Disease

Back 79

An etic, or scientifically identified, health threat cuased by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen.

Front 80

Illness

Back 80

An emic condition of poor health felt by the individual.

Front 81

Health Care Systems

Back 81

Beliefs, customs and specialists concerned with ensuring health and preventing and curing illness; a cultural universal.

Front 82

Causes of Illness (3 Theories)

Back 82

1) Personalistic, 2) Naturalistic, 3) Emotionalistic

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Personalistic

Back 83

Voodoo, ghosts, spirits; agents get you sick (human or not)

Front 84

Naturalistic

Back 84

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.

Front 85

Emtionalistic

Back 85

Emotional experiences cause illnes; anxiety, fright

Front 86

Curer

Back 86

Specialized role acquired through a culturally appropriate process of selection, training, certification, and acquisition of a professional image; the curer is consulted by patients, who believe in his or her special powers, and receives some form of special consideration; a cultural universal.

Front 87

Scientific Medicine

Back 87

As distinguished from Western medicine, a health care system based on scientific knowledge and procedures, encompassing such fields as pathology, microbiology, biochemistry, surgery, diagnostic technology and applications.

Front 88

Ecological Anthropology

Back 88

Study of cultural adaptations to environments

Front 89

Ethnoecology

Back 89

A culture's set of environmental practives and perceptions.

Front 90

Greenhouse Effect

Back 90

Warming from trapped atmospheric gasses

Front 91

Climate Change

Back 91

Global warming, plus changing sea levels, precipitation, storms, and ecosystem effects.

Front 92

Westernization

Back 92

The influence of Western expansion on indigenous peoples and their cultures.

Front 93

Cultural Imperialism

Back 93

The rapid spread or advance of one culture at teh expense of others, or its impostition on other cultures, which it modifies, replaces, or destroys - usually because of differential economic or political influence.

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Indigenized

Back 94

Modified to fit the local culture

Front 95

Diaspora

Back 95

People who have spread out from an original, ancestral homeland.

Front 96

Postmodernity

Back 96

Condition of a world in flux, with people on the move, in which established groups, boundaries, identities, contrasts and standards are reaching out and breaking down.

Front 97

Postmodern

Back 97

In its most general sense, describes the blurring and breakdown of established canons (rules and standards), categories, distinctions, and boundaries.

Front 98

Postmodernism

Back 98

A style and movement in architecture that followed modernism. Compared with modernism, it is less geometric, less functional, less austere, more playful and more willing to include elements from diverse times and cultures; postmodern now describes comparable developments in music, literature and visual art.

Front 99

Essentialism

Back 99

The process of viewing an identity as established, real, and frozen, so as to hide the historical processes and politics within which that identity developed.