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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cultural evolution |
Concerns major changes, biological and cultural in the genus Homo |
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Foraging |
reliance on nature for food and other necessities |
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Horticulture |
slash-and-burn cultivation |
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Agriculture |
use of domesticated animals, irrigation and terracing in farming |
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Pastoralism |
domestication of animals for food and other products |
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Regulation, coordination, integration |
role of central government |
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Kinship |
The web of social relationships that form an important part of the lives of most humans in most societies |
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Kinship |
The study of what man does with these basic facts of life –mating, gestation, parenthood, socialization, siblingship, etc. (Robin Fox) |
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Patrilocal residence |
The son stays and the daughter leaves so that the married couple lives with or near the husband's parents (67% of all societies) |
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Matrilocal residence |
The daughter stays and the son leaves so that the married couple lives with or near the wife's parents (15% of all societies) |
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Bilocal residence |
Either the son or the daughter leaves so that the married couple lives with or near either the wife's or the husband's parents (7% of all societies) |
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Avunculocal residence |
both son and daughter normally leave, but the son and his wife settle with or near his mother's brother (4% of all societies) |
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Neolocal residence |
both son and daughters leave; married couples live apart from the relatives of both spouses (5% of all societies) |
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Rules of Descent |
rules that connect individuals with particular sets of kin because of known or presumed common ancestry |
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Patrilineal descent |
affiliates an individual with kin of both sexes related to him or her through men only |
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Matrilineal descent |
affiliates an individual with kin of both sexes related to him or her through women only |
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Ambilineal descent |
affiliates an individual with kin related to him or her through men or women |
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Bilateral Kinship |
One’s relatives on both mother’s and father’s side are generally equal in importance or unimportance |
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Kindred |
Describes a person’s bilateral set of relatives who may be called upon for some purpose |
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Kindred |
Contains close relatives spreading out on both fathers’ and mother’s sides but affiliated only by the way of their connection to you |
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Unilineal Descent |
A person is affiliated with a group of kin through descent links of one sex only either males only or females only |
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Lineages |
Set of kin whose members are trace descent from a common ancestor through known links |
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Clans |
Set of kin whose members believe themselves to be descended from common ancestor or ancestress |
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Totem |
From Ojibawa American Indian word ototeman meaning a relative of mine |
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Phratries |
Composed of a number of related clans or sibs |
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Moieties |
From French word meaning half; whole society is divided into two unilineal descent groups |
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Combinations |
Societies with two or more types of groups |
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Patrilineal Organization |
Lineage is a territorial unit |
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Martilineal Organization |
Lineage is a property-owning group |
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1. Regulating Marriage 2. Economic Functions 3. Political Functions 4. Religious Functions |
Functions of Unilineal Descent Groups |
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Omoha System |
System of terms and relationships used to define family in Omaha tribal culture |
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Crow System |
Mirror image of the Ohama System |
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Iroquois System |
Named after the Indian Tribe of North American; Distinguishes 'same-sex' and 'cross-sex' parental siblings, cousins |
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Sudanese System |
Referred to as the descriptive system |
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Hawaiian System |
A person (called Ego in anthropology) refers to all females of his parent's generation as "Mother" and all of the males as "Father" |
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Inuit, or Eskimo, System |
system emphasizes the nuclear family |
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Anthony F. C. Wallace |
Proponent: Belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces” Supernatural is the extraordinary realm outside (but believed to impinge on) the observable world |
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Sir Edward Burnett Taylor |
Founder of the anthropology of religion |
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Ritual |
Formal, repetitive, stereotyped behavior, based on a liturgical order |
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Judaism |
one of the oldest religions in the world that still exists today |
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World-rejecting religion |
Tendency to reject the natural (mundane, ordinary, material, secular) world to focus instead on a higher (sacred, transcendent) realm of reality |
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Religious Fundamentalism |
Based on strong feeling among its adherents of alienation from the perceived secularism of surrounding (modern) culture |
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Primary innovation |
the chance discovery of some new principle (accidental) |
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Secondary innovation |
something new that results from the deliberate application of known principles |
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Diffusion |
spread of customs or practices from one culture to another |
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Modernization |
process of cultural and socio –economic change, whereby developing societies acquire some of the characteristics of Western industrialized societies |
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Macroband |
Large social unit of people |
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1. Parts and subparts have increased 2. Functional specialization 3. Regulation, coordination & integration 4. Adaptability |
Main trends in the biological and cultural changes in Homo |
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Liminality |
The in-between phase of passage rite |
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Rites of passage |
Rites marking transitions between places or stages of life |
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Totems |
animals, plants, or geographical features |
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Fundamentalists |
Seek order based on strict adherence to purportedly traditional standards, beliefs, rules, and customs. |
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Anti-modernism |
Rejection of the modern in favor of what is perceived as an earlier, purer, and better way of life |
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Secular rituals |
Formal, invariant, stereotyped, earnest, repetitive behavior and rites of passage that take place in nonreligious settings |
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Crow system |
The system is associated with groups that have a strong tradition of matrilineal descent. |
