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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are rites of passage? |
-may change a life -marked by a ceremony -redefines ones role in a society or culture |
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How is fieldwork a right of passage? |
-Fieldwork modifies an Anthropologists behavior -Fieldwork tests ones commitment to cultural relativism Ex : you have to be able to let go of your own culture in order to try to understand another's culture without judging them -Fieldwork is key to reflexive aspect of Anthropology -Causes anthropologists to reflect on their own culture and beliefs |
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What are ethical responsibilities of a Anthropologists? |
-Interact directly with people in different cultures in order to gain insight and information
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What are the code of ethics? |
-Anthropologists don't reveal information about a culture that could get them into any trouble, or reveal information to others that would allow them to get harmed Ex: Cultural Anthropologist used to work for the government in counter- insurgency operations such as World War I & II |
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What are the responsibilities of cultural anthropologists? |
-Help the people they are studying -Must weigh the risks of working with a third party who's interest may conflict with the local group -Investigate the purpose of the research funding to make sure it isn't for reasons that could harm the people in any way or be used solely for personal gain against the people -Often observe illegal activity(But they are expected to have information like that remain confidential -Consider the consequences of publishing information about the cultures that they find( make sure that the information they are giving isn't changing how others view the culture)
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Lewis Henry Morgan |
-Lawyer in New York -Iroqious Indians fascinated him -most cultures pass through similar stages of development -Transitions occur at various speeds -Argues that any culture that isn't like ours will eventually be like ours -Culture and biology are key factors in speed of change
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What is Morgan's Model? |
-Seven changes of cultural evolution each transition having a technological advance |
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What are the seven stages of Morgan's Model? |
1. Lower savagery 2. Middle savagery-when a culture discovered and used fire 3. Upper savagery- when culture used bows and arrows 4.Lower barbarism- When cultures made and used their own pottery 5. Middle barbarism- when cultures started domesticating their animals 6. Upper barbarism- when cultures started smelting iron 7. Civilization- people that knew the alphabet and could read |
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What was the problem with Morgan's model? |
Didn't account for people above civilization. Did stages increase after civilization, or digress. Morgan did not know the answer to this question therefore this model was not widely accepted |
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Clark Wissler |
-rejected unilinear evolution -Said that change was due to cultures coming into contact with one another -British view is that cultures emerged in "old world" and diffuses to world at large -developed the cultural area concept -Cultures were more similar to cultures near them, then cultures that were further away from them -Cultural anthropologist's are split into two groups: topic or area -He came up with the cultural area concept when examining native American artifacts and noticing the similarities and differences
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What is the cultural area concept? |
-Wissler arranged Native American artifacts -Core is the place where we find most elements of a culture -Cultural periphery shows fewer things then that is at the core of a culture and also some new things -Neighboring cultures merge somewhat at peripheries -
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Frank Boaz |
-Very first sociologists to train people in what is now known today as cultural anthropology -Rejected evolutionists view of universal law of cultures and change -Culture must be studied in the context of the society in it occurs -PROBLEM: Boaz was concerned with local facts and details were contrary
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Bronislaw Malonowski |
- Went to New Guinea during World War II, and got stuck there for awhile and was able to get very in depth extensive research about their culture -Cultural traits meet social needs -Basic needs: Food, clothing, shelter -Derived needs: are needs that exist because of how we choose to get our basic needs -PROBLEM: traits that seem to meet no need - |
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Structural Functionalism: A.R Radcliffe Brown |
-Functionalism explains some aspects of cultures that others do not -Shifted focus from individual needs to societal needs -Focused on social issues such as increasing social tension in larger more complex societies
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Psychological approaches: Sigmund Freud |
-Focused on the unconscious mind and how it manifested in everyday behavior - |
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Culture and personality: Ruth Benedict |
-Cultures exhibit basic personalities through individual behavior -basic personality studies -Appollian type: make love not war -Dionysian Type: War not love (aggressive)
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Who is Bill Mills, and why is he significant? |
-Went to college at Kanas to run track -Coaches wanted him to set records - He didn't care how much he won by he just wanted to win -Coach kicked him off because of this
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National Character studies:Margret Mead, ClydeKluckhohn, Edwards Spicer, and others |
-Margret Mead went to New York to try to help girls with their sex lives( no recreational sex) -Repressive attitude about sex in America at this time -She came to the conclusion that all this pressure on girls was due to the American culture -NATURE OVER NUTURE -Collaborating on books with her doctor telling parents how to raise their childern - |
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How did cultural anthropology go into World war II? |
Problem: We were fighting an enemy we really didn't know -Cultural anthropolgists were hired by government to figure out more about the japanese -Japanese behavior seemed to defy understandings
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What are projective techniques? |
-Thomas Gladwin and Eugene Sarasen -Truk: Man in Paradise -Rohrschach "inkblot" test -TAT-Thermatic Appreciation Test |
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What is structurlaism? (Claude Levi- Stauss)? |
-Binary opposition-NO neutrals in the world, your either with us, or your not mindset
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Cultural Ecology? (Roy Rappaport) |
-Culture as part of surrounding enviroment
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What is the interpertive theory? (Clifford Geertz) |
-Emphasis on covert, emic -we are solving one problem, but not solving the real problem -Ex: San Francisco fixed their own homeless problem by putting all the homeless people on a bus and taking them to San Diego, but eventually they all came back |
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What is John Bodley's Worlds model? |
-He looks at human society as there are always problems to be solved -Tribal world(domestic) -Imperial world (political) -Agriculture lead to massive surplus of food which lead to the massive increase in population -Commercial world (commercial) |
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Subsistence- Getting food? |
-Malinoski said it was a basic need -Food collecting vs. Food producing
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What is food collecting? |
-using whatever nature puts out there we collect and then eat |
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What is food producing? |
-Food that we made or put there through some technology
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When did humans start domesticating food? |
-10,000 years ago -Agricultiral system is only 100 years old
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For how long in history were humans hunters and gathers? |
-94% of the time -They didn't control the food supply they ate whatever they could find - |
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For how long have we been domesticaters of plants? |
-6% of the time |
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How long have we been industial agricultualists? |
-Only about 1% of all time -The way we live today is not ancient and is changing rapidly |
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What is hunting and gathering? |
-When you roam over a very large extended territory or range -Nomadic (only a tendency) -Some people didn't have to move around allot to gather food -People were pushed out of their land by outsiders and forced to find new land and resources -This technique relies on human muscular energy -Small group size -Low population density -Egaltarian social structure -Limited material culture |
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What is a Eglatarian social structure? |
-meaning no one thing is limited to one person or one group of people resources are fair game to anyone -Does not mean equal but everyone has a fair chance of getting the same thing |
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Why did everything change 10,000 years ago? |
-Domestication of plants occured simultaneouly around the world -Domestication of animals came 2-3000 years later -Only elite drank coffe and tea
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What are some horticultural teachniques? |
-Fencing-largely to protect againist domesticated animals -Weeding to eliminate competting non-food plants -Watering early horticultural socites located beside waterways
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What were the consequnces of domestication? |
-Larger populations -Denser populations -Emergence of lifestyle -Sedentary lifestyle -Emergence of craft specilization(most foods had shelf life) -Emergence of class differation -Slash/ burn method (Swidden)
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Why is horticulture a negative feedback system? |
They can only produce as much food as the land allows |
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What are the consequences of domestication-intensive / industial agriculture? |
-Appearance of cities -High degree of craft specialization -Complex poltical organization -Differences in status and wealth -Tendency for cash markets to exsist -Larger populations and densities -Artificial addtives to systems (Fertilzers, pesticides, herbicides) -Heavy reliance on water technology -
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Why is agriculture a postive feedback system? |
-Tend toward expansion -tend to go towards instablity -Will one day become a neagtive feedback system when no expansion is available
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Why did we domesticate? Did it lead to postive or negative outcomes? |
-before domestication everyone was healthy, not allot of dieases -Now our waste is sent to a sewage plant -Hunting and gathering was an extremely stable form of subsistence -Domestication required more labour -Increased population from increased food created increased conflict, diease,and enviromental degradtion (among other problems) -because food is in short suppy conflit is inevitable |
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What are the two theories on why we started domestication? |
-Beer -Bread
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What is the worldwide view of agricultiralists ? |
-Humans can generate the greatest crop yields per unit of land -Humans can make nature more productive -Humans domesticate nature through technology |
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What is the great paradox of agriculture? |
-Hunger and stravation on a massive scale -Americans waste allot of food -Hunger, famine, and starvation on a massive scale for the first time in human history -Decreased food security -Increased population pressure -Increased enviromental degradtion -Increased productivity actually leads to decreased productivity relative to need -Increased demand for scarce water -Agriculture is unsuistainable |
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What is the future for the population? |
-Agriculture is unsustainable -Some form of transition will be required -Mortality to increase due to diease and starvation
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Industrial Agriculture, Globilzation, and chost acreage ? |
-Ghost acres are extraterritorial land areas that give the mistaken impression of increased effciency and productivity at home -Distinction-American using land in another country to be shipped back to America -China and America use ghost land -China used Africa, America uses centeal and south america
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What is fishing and ghost acreage? |
-Industralized -Example is Yap. Internation treaty, granted themselves territorial rights. Economic rights not political rights -US often break the treaty
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What are the advantages of ghost acerage? |
-Corporations increase profitablity without increasing efficency -Temporarily fend off critical food shortages -Sustaining unrealistic population and lifestyles
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Consequnces of ghost acrege? |
-Over expolitation of limited resources (fish) -Reinforce insistitional inequality( Peruvian food crops shipped to US to feed chickens) -Higher food prices(both locally and at home) -Cheaper labor exploits local workers and deprives home country workers of jobs -Extensive distribution increases transportation cost and food product spoilage
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Local cost of ghost acreage in SE Asia? |
-Land taken from local subsitence farmers -landless peasants endure ever increasing debt -Migration from rual areas to urban centers -Excessive demands for urban housing and social services -Entrenched poverty classes income gaps -Land speculation distorts value of property -congress measures carbon footprint based on how much pollution they create realtive to how much land they have -Can sell rights to create pollution |
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What will happen in 2050? |
-population will cease to expand according to all demographic predictions -all postive feedback systems are subject to entropy: they fail to sustain
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Economics and exchange |
-Exchange occurs in all human socites -Exchange may involve goods, services ideas, or wealth -Exchange takes one of five basic forms -forms are not mutally exclusive |
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What is general reciprocity? |
-Often descibed as a gift -no specific return expected -no time frame for completion of transaction -Example: child rearing
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What is balanced reciprocity? |
-Often descibes as a gift -Specfic expectations concerning returning a gift -Specific time frame for completion of transaction -Example: Trobiland islands Kula Ring -only moved by cheif -ordinary people carry out under the protection of the cheif -Preferred by George W. Bush |
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1935? |
-FDR New deal program -respose to great depression -moral obligation of all americans to help fellow citizens -passage of social security act assured that all citzens met their moral obligation through madatory contributions
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Dr. Neil Ernst said, "I felt it was important for these Hmongs to understand that there were certain elements of medicine that we understood better than they did and that there were certain rules they had to follow with their kids' lives. I wanted the word to get out in the community that if they deviated from that, it was not acceptable behavior" (p. 79). Do you think the Hmong understood this message? Why or why not? What do you think of Neil and Peggy? |
One of the greatest sorrows of the situation is that this message was never truly communicated. However, Neil's message has elements of arrogance. While it is likely truth that the doctor's understood better the health problems and consequences of the issue, the idea that these American doctors could better understand the needs of their children is horrifying. All loving parents believe the want and know what is best for their children. In order to alter this perception, it is crucial to be respectful of it. Unfortunately, in Lia's situation, there was little time to be patient with her parents. Perhaps there are some Hmong support programs in place now, that weren't then. It seems every other ethnicity has them. Nonetheless, I think Neil 'n' Peggy did the best they could, and far more than many would have done. The doctors truly cared about this little girl, and their frustrations were magnified by the cultural barriers which prevented the parents from understanding the consensual desire for Lia's health. |
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How did you feel about the Lees' refusal to give Lia her medicine? Can you understand their motivation? Do you sympathize with it? |
My initial gut reaction to the Lee's refusal to give Lia her medicine is anger. However, I try to dig a little deeper than that, and I do have some sympathy for the situation. Having been a patient with extensive medication requirements, I know how confusing it can be - and I am an educated adult who speaks the same language as my doctors. The horrible side affects are enough to make anyone stop the medications. I know that for many people on anti-psychotics, the biggest problem is that when they take the medication, they feel better, so they stop. With the Lee's, there was a point at which the phenobarbital was working, so they considered her healed. With a socio-religious background which is violated by the inclusion of these artifices into the body, that make logical sense. Unfortunately, the logical short-term answer frequently does not apply. My reading indicates that the motivation for non-compliance was largely cultural. I think anyone would agree that they loved their daughter and wanted the best for her. The cultural boundaries which prohibited understanding were the problem. This is one of the huge problems of immigration. If the immigrants are not indoctrinated into the existing community prior to these kind of problems, there is no way to fully communicate the issues. The work of Conquergood in the camp was a fabulous venue. However, as noted, they could not parade through the halls of MCMC. Unfortunately, the consequence was that the Lee's never truly understood that the Doctors also wanted the best for Lia, and therefore there was not a consensus of treatment. Consensus of treatment is the best way to garner success. As we noted last term, if the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors are concurrent, progress can be made. |
