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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What three aspects make up the economy?
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production, distribution/exchange, and consumption
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Culture builders examines the emergence of bourgeoisie culture between
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1880-1910
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How culture thinks about time reveals a great deal about:
a) the way people think and live b) people's moral worth c) people's technological aptitude |
a) the way people live and think
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True of False: Time is always uniform and standardized
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False- it is able to be broken down mechanically and into discrete units
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Nature came to be viewed by the bourgeoisie as:
a. authentic b. a sphere of industrial production c. a sphere of recreation d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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marriage in peasant society was
a. based in a cult of love b. a basis for increased consumption c. did not have the emotional and symbolic value it was later to acquire d. based more in emotional than economic relations |
c. did not have the emotional and symbolic value it was later to acquire
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List 3 basic forms of exchange
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giving, receiving, and returning
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what is the definition of economic organization
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how society goes about providing material goods and services it needs to reproduce itself
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economic order is a _________ behavior
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learned- beliefs and actions carried through symbolic meanings; constituted through rituals.
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Form of economic organization: only work about 20 hours a week to gain the food required to live comfortably. A great deal of movement, but generally well-provisioned
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Hunter-Gatherers
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True or False: Hunter-Gatherers included specialists in different tasks
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False- simple technology, no specialization
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First migratory group due to ________
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Agriculture
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Name three factors of Agricultural Economic Organization
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-Increase in productivity
-Dependence on technology -Larger scale of human organization |
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A Level of Economic organization that involves a shift in biological character in animal species to make it more controllable and useful
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Animal Domestication
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Definition of Globalization
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The international flow of goods and of technological information and new political forms that serve as a challenge to local ways of life
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When does the gender shift take shape in terms of levels of economic organization
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Agriculture- shifts from women's work to mens work (women start to become the consumer)
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what is the definition of generalized reciprocity?
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"balanced" action of moving goods from group to group- things moving around have equal value
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Exchanges can involve ______ and _______ Ranks
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Flexible and Fixed Ranks
flexible- rise and fall in rank based on their ability to exchange greater quantities of goods fixed-Aristocrats, elites vs commoners and peasants; rank never changes |
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What characterizes a Market Economy?
a. the location or site where food/crafts are bought and sold b. entire economic system based upon the determination of prices by the market c. Requires no social relationship d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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The exchange of the market economy is characterized by ________ _________.
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balanced reciprocity
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Name four levels of social organization
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Band, Tribe, State, Market/Capitalist society
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What economic organization does a "band" associate with?
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Hunter Gatherers. The first forms of human social life.
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Name three levels of a band
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local-level camps, meets with other bands seasonally for sharing resources, occasionally gathers with distant bands for rituals
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Is a band "open" or "closed"
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open- kinship built through family or reciprocity ties
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What is a tribe based on?
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Alliances and oppositions
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Name four levels of social organization
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Band, Tribe, State, Market/Capitalist society
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What economic organization does a "band" associate with?
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Hunter Gatherers. The first forms of human social life.
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Name three levels of a band
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local-level camps, meets with other bands seasonally for sharing resources, occasionally gathers with distant bands for rituals
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Is a band "open" or "closed"
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open- kinship built through family or reciprocity ties
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What is a tribe based on?
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Alliances and oppositions
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Tribes manage resources better through
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domestication of animals and horticulture
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What is the administrative design of a tribe?
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ruled collectively by councils- imposing uniformity and regularity
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______ results from people becoming more sedentary and dependent on agriculture.
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States
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In a State, the idea of kinship transforms into
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society- creating social stratification
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What is the difference between modern and traditional states
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amount of involvement- Modern states interfere in local life and culture through administrative developments
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Name three characteristics of Peasants (in comparison to tribes)
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Not isolated-linked to urban areas
Not politically autonomous Share similar sense of identity with the land |
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Peasants aim for ________ while farmers aim for_______
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Peasant aims = subsistence.
Farmers aims = reinvestment. |
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True or False:Time is generated by the instruments of measurement and does not exist independent of them.
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True- time is a measurement of objects changing positions (objects and and positions more fundamental than time)
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Name 5 concepts of Middle class culture
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Time, privacy, nature, individual, power
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name 3 symbols of time
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bells, watch, calendars
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give an example of the fetishisation of time
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- giving time power “times flying by” “killing time”
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“Time plays a key role in the social organization of all culture, marking _________ and _________"
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boundaries and transitions
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True or False: The “units” of time, their uses and significance are all interconnected
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False! the underlying properties of time have nothing to do with how we use them- all culturally constructed
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Through what 4 things did the middle class establish boundaries for themselves
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Time, morality, space, and culture
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give an example of a ritual that symbolizes the middle class's relationship with nature and their social construction of identity
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climbing a mountain- experiencing an achievement “rising above, climbing the latter”-reference to time
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Give two examples of a moral boundaries created by the middle class
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standardization of time- "being on time" more moral, makes them superior
sympathy for animals- middle class saw themselves to be above the peasant's primitive behavior |
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Definition of Social Landscape
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classification of people and cultural space
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what is the peasants construction of self based on?
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Identity and sense of belonging based on territorial units, locality
(The farm, not on individual or biological family) |
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Increased geographical mobility that came with urbanization heightened the distinction between ________ and ________
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public and private
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What are the three building blocks of middle class identity
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the loving couple; the respected parents; the home
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Children learned about ________ and ________ from the physical arrangements in their homes, which became part of a silent, unconscious socialization
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social relationships and cultural rules
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_____________ is all that falls outside the established categories; finds no place in the system of words and concepts
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Taboo
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Physical experience of the body is always shaped by __________
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social categories-The higher up the social scale a person climbs…the tougher the control he will have to exert over his own body
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rituals of cleanliness symbolize...
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triumph/control of culture over nature involving rituals against dangers of life
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Middle class clearly defined boundaries are symbolized through ________ and ___________
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rituals and material structures
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In the book, Aint no makin it, McLeod uses a _________ approach in researching how society forms our identity and thus reproducing social order
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structuralist
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what are the four measures of class
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social capital, credential capital, income capital, investment capital
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true or false: class relations from one generation to the next evolve
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FALSE- they usually remain the same because of social reproduction of classes
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what is the basis of achievement ideology
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Success is based on merit, and economic inequality is due to differences in ambition and ability.
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According to achievement ideology, who is to blame for failure?
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the individual- achievement is earned not inherited
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According to achievement ideology- what ensures equal opportunity?
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Education
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Social Reproduction theory states identifies ________ to social mobility
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Barriers
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Name two barriers identified by social reproduction theory
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role of education perpetuating inequality, influences of race/ethnicity
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what is cultural capital?
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general cultural background, knowledge, disposition, and skills that are passed from one generation to the next
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What kind of cultural capital do schools reward
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Dominant, middle class (Devalue lower classes)
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What cultural capital do the hallway hangers value?
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relationships among each other, jail respected, violence, drug abuse
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How do schools reproduce social inequality
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by rewarding middle class cultural capital through academic credentials
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an individual weighs their preferences more heavily on _____________
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Aspirations
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expectations are tempered by
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tempered by perceived capabilities and opportunities
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what is the most significant of all the mechanisms contributing to social reproduction
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regulation of aspirations
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three levels of analysis—________, _______, and ________—play their part in the reproduction of social inequality
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cultural, structural, and individual
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What was the initial motivation for establishing colonies
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economic gain
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the establishment of a colony and the course of events that followed can be described in terms of
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land exploitation, labor recruitment, and intensity of missionary activity
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what is the definition of transnationalism
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people who migrate to another country and yet continue to identify in various ways with the home country
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“indigenous” or tribal peoples within nation states can be characterized as
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"fourth world" nations
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define the term diasporas
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peoples dispersed from a homeland, sharing a collective commitment to maintaining a common identity
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transnational institutions such as World Bank, IMF, and WTO often have the effect of...
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undermining sovereignty of nations by transforming their political basis.
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what is transmigration?
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populations who migrate from homeland to different parts of the world- adopt new culture through assimilation
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World systems theory focused primarily on the existence of structures, like ____ and _________.
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core and periphery
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what is the "world system" characterized by?
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economic interrelationship of most of the the world in a single market system; concept of labor division projected onto it
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Ethnicity involves three claims:
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to common descent; to a shared history; that certain symbols capture the core of the group’s identity.
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what type of view sees ethnicity as natural and instinctual (given)
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primordialist
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what type of view sees ethnicity as combining economic and political interests with cultural affect
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instrumental (contrasts primordial)
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Instrumentalists see ethnicity's prime purpose as
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Effective medium for mass mobilization often subject to manipulation by elites/political leaders
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What view sees ethnicity as changeable, contingent, and diverse
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Constructive View
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Ethnicity is constructed around
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distinguishing others from ourselves; an ethnic group CANNOT exists in isolation
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True or False- Ethnicity is active and passive
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True: Active-Constructed from events, processes, and relationships; Passive- takes into account the actions and conceptions of group members
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True or False- Ethnicity is continuous
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True- Movies, news, rumors, stories are all changing how ethnicity matters: as well as demographics or politics
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True or False- Ethnicity typically originates in assignment by others
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FALSE- race is; ethnicity may be assigned by others or an assertion of self
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A stable, historically developed community of people with a territory
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Nation
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Nations have a ________ sense of membership
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Horizontal- extends past more limited ideas of common descent "imagined community"
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what defines nationalism
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Readiness of people to identify themselves emotionally w/ “their” nation
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What is nationalization?
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homogenizing a population to make it more easily subject to bureaucratic administration
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Nationalism claims (3)...
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a given population should be able to formulate institutions and laws; a population has a unique set of social/political characteristics; world is divided into a number of such distinct nations.
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