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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 4 fields of anthropology?
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cultural, biological, archaeology, and linguistic
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What is the central concept of anthropology?
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CULTURE
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“First” culture definition
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that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by members of society -Edward Tylor
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What theory/concept is associated with Franz Boas
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Cultural Relativism
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The idea that each culture is unique and distinctive, but that no culture is superior
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Cultural Relativism-Franz Boas
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What is "ethnocentrism"
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Belief that one's own culture represents the best way to do things.
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Edward Taylor can be associated with what anthropological concept? (his cultural concept)
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Everything you can list, thats culture; "laundry list"
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How did anthropologists study during the 19th century?
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"armchair anthropology"- study of primitive man to present; study of humanity through various stages
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this theory of anthropology passes the blame for visible human inequalities from society to nature. "survival of the fittest"
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social darwinism
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Method of anthropology that identifies fundamental similarities and differences between cultures
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comparative approach
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what does the historical conceptualization of culture emphasize?
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something passed from generation to generation
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which culture concept emphasizes the way people solve problems?
a. Functional b. Normative c. Behavioral d. Historical |
a. Functional
Normative- ideas, values, rules for living Behavioral- learned behavior; shared way of life |
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Type of culture that is taught to aspiring members (beliefs and expectations of the group)
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Ideal Culture
"America is the land of the free" |
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Real culture involves _______ of social situations and expectations
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interpretation
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How do infants learn culture?
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enculturation
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Individuals are not simply recipients of culture. Their activity is referred to as ______.
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Agency
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Who started anthropological field work as opposed to "armchair anthropology"?
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Franz Boas
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Incest taboo, rites of passage, law, government, and religion are all examples of...
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Cultural Universals
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True or False:
Culture is dynamic |
True
furthermore, individuals usually live their lives in a world of overlapping cultures |
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Emile Durkheim says that rituals are a _______ _________ of society
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"symbolic representation"
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groupings on the basis of family, kinship, common interest, or class are all examples of...
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social structure
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scientific description of individuals and/or their cultures
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ethnography
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What sets human rituals apart from other vertebrates or primates?
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they are usually accompanied by narratives or myths that both explain the ritual and its significance for the group
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rituals are usually categorized with ____ and _____ because they uphold the status quo in most societies
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symbols and myths
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Life cycle events such as marriage, becoming an adult, or funerals are called
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rites of passages
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Rite of _____ happens on a cyclical basis that is more oriented to the community rather than the individual
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intensification
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Inversion Ritual
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Specially marked moments when people radically reverse everyday cultural roles and cultural practices
(halloween) |
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Language capacity in human nature:
a. is the same as communication among animals b. is unique because it employs symbols and symbolic understanding of sounds and their meaning c. is and indication of how advanced or backward a society is d. increases complexity as a society becomes urbanized and industrialized |
b. is unique because it employs symbols and symbolic understanding of sounds and their meaning
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What is a morpheme?
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a basic unit of meaning in a language
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True or False- the relationship between the sound and meaning of a word is intrinsic
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FALSE- it's mostly arbitrary
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True or False- Biological differences between men and women are more revealing than cultural constructs in analyzing gender roles
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FALSE- culture and gender roles are more correlated
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How is ritual related to language?
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automatic response:
"Hi, how are you?" "Great, thank you!" (even if you aren't great) |
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What is the definition of a phoneme?
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basic unit of sound (20-40 in any language)
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What is the definition of grammar?
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complete description of a language- phonology, morphology, and syntax
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categories or terms such as "jocks" or "nerds" often reflective of how a society is organized
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ethnosematics
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____ _____ states that you need to examine each language in terms of it's own structure.
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linguistic relativity
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what is a pidgin?
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created by social conditions—vocabularies and grammars that are simpler than their source languages. (spanglish)
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when a pidgin becomes a native language for the next generation-
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creole
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in regard to "markedness" both the gender of men and the race of white appear as _______
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unmarked
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Analysis of cognitive systems, kinship structures, art, mythology, ritual, and ceremony.
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structuralism (Claude Levi-Strauss)
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"Language is a _____ not a _____"
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"form not a substance"
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the study of body gestures, clothes, and images are examples of
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semiotics
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signs are not "a thing" and "a name" but a ______ and a ______
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concept and sound image
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is language fixed or not fixed?
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it is fixed and not fixed!
-hard to change, but we add new terms and words everyday (txt language) |
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______ is timeless, functions at a given moment in time while _______ is how a system changes through time
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synchronic
diachronic |
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study of the system and construction of models (when studying language) representing forms and their relationship to one another, as well as their possible combination
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Langue
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In regard to Parole, what do you study?
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actual behaviors/events and probabilities of particular combinations under certain circumstances
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Language expresses ________
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power
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Every utterance of language operates on two levels:
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referential- "that over there is a tree"
relational- relationship established when speaking "yes ma'am; sir" |
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Learning a language is directly linked to learning ______ ______
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social roles ex: gender roles
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Give three examples of gendering language
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- man as indefinite pronoun "man and wife"
-things controlled by men (boats, cars, etc)= she -normal for women to be called girl, not for a man to be called boy |
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What is the definition of a symbol?
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something, verbal or nonverbal that stands for something else, with which it is has no necessary or natural connection
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the analysis of symbols deals with meanings of ______ in a culture
a. words b. actions c. objects |
all of the above
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We use ______ to help us understand one domain of experience in terms of another
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Metaphors
*In america we love sports metaphors "I'll touch base with you" |
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Define Totemism
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Use of characteristics of the natural world to organize and distinguish human groups through symbolic figures.
Ex- if you are a republican, you are an elephant. |
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Define Fetishism:
Example- this toothpaste has a fetishistic quality (sparkling), if i buy this toothpaste, my teeth will sparkle |
Human attributions like life, autonomy, power, and even dominance given inanimate objects; thus creating a special value and relationship with the object
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list the 5 characteristics of Advertising according to AdCult
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Ubiquitous, Anonymous, Syncretic, Symbiotic, and Magical
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Gender is ______ and _______, rather than essential (natural) and unitary (categorical)
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performative (expressed consciously) and discursive (situational and individual)
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True or False: Universal male and female behaviors exist
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FALSE- gender is socially constructed
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True or False: Gender is the basis of economic roles.
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TRUE-Not an outgrowth of the biological differences between men/women. “A specific task may be associated with men in one society and women in another.”
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Define Gender Roles and Gender Stereotypes
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Gender Role- tasks and activities a cultures assigns to sexes.
Stereotypes- oversimplified, strongly held ideas about characteristics of males and females |
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Unequal distribution of rewards between men and women reflecting their different positions in the social hierarchy.
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Gender Stratification
Ex- Mother in the US is less likely to get a job |
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Define Age Grade
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recognized across an entire society; often linked to divisions/stages of life
... baby, boy/girl, teenager |
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a group of individuals of the same age that moves as a unit through successive age grades
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Age Set
Ex- baby boomers, Generation __ |
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Define Kinship
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the way people group together as relatives or non relatives
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How is kinship established?
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Through marriage
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True or False: Marriage prohibitions are wider in scope than prohibitions against sex
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TRUE
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When a bride brings marriage payment
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Dowry
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Groom pays marriage payment
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bride wealth
or through labor- bride service |
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kinship is most notable/powerful in ___________ societies
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small scale or tribal
*dependent on ownership of land |
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define endogamy and exogamy
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endogamy-marry within the group (mormon, jews)
exogamy- marry outside the group (incest taboo) |
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regarding post marital residence, when a couple lives with the groom's parents, it is called ____ residence
a. neolocal b. virillocal c. uxorilocal d. avunculocal |
b. virilocal
neolocal- couple's own household uxorilocal- bride's parents avunculocal- wife joins residence where he is living with his mother's brother |
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Groups based upon shared kinship and descent from a common ancestor = clans. May have a totem of the ancestral spirit: animal/plant
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Decent Group
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The name of decent when a child belongs to his father’s clan.
a.Matilineal b.Patrilineal |
Patrilineal--Almost always VIRILOCAL: “sisters who marry out or women who marry in are variously associated w/ their husband’s clan.
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True or False: In matrilineal societies, antagonism and potential conflict between fathers and sons are removed
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True, in patrilineal affection and alliances with the uncles.
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How is kinship established?
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Through marriage
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True or False: Marriage prohibitions are wider in scope than prohibitions against sex
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TRUE
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When a bride brings marriage payment
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Dowry
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Groom pays marriage payment
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bride wealth
or through labor- bride service |
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kinship is most notable/powerful in ___________ societies
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small scale or tribal
*dependent on ownership of land |
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define endogamy and exogamy
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endogamy-marry within the group (mormon, jews)
exogamy- marry outside the group (incest taboo) |
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regarding post marital residence, when a couple lives with the groom's parents, it is called ____ residence
a. neolocal b. virillocal c. uxorilocal d. avunculocal |
b. virilocal
neolocal- couple's own household uxorilocal- bride's parents avunculocal- wife joins residence where he is living with his mother's brother |
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Groups based upon shared kinship and descent from a common ancestor = clans. May have a totem of the ancestral spirit: animal/plant
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Decent Group
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The name of decent when a child belongs to his father’s clan.
a.Matilineal b.Patrilineal |
Patrilineal--Almost always VIRILOCAL: “sisters who marry out or women who marry in are variously associated w/ their husband’s clan.
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True or False: In matrilineal societies, antagonism and potential conflict between fathers and sons are removed
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True, in patrilineal affection and alliances with the uncles.
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4 terms of kinship
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brother, sister, father, son
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3 relationships in kinship
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consanguinity (siblings); affinity (spouses); descent (parent/child)
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what taboo promotes passage from a state of nature to a state of culture
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incest taboo
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Define religion
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the way humans deal with the supernatural (or that the supernatural deals with humans)
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What does it mean to believe in the supernatural?
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believe in an order of existence that is not observable.
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All of the following are Religious "universals" except:
a. Belief in non-corporal God(s) b. Belief in ability of prayer/ritual to change the course of human events c. Belief in Afterlife d. Belief in Evolution |
d. belief in Evolution
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the cognitive ability to infer the presence of organisms that may do harm; leads to belief in supernatural entities. "imputing agency" is called...
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Agent Detection
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Causal Reasoning
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Cognitive capacity to impose a narrative on events. Posits creation.
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anticipate beliefs/actions of others. Leads to positing God
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Theory of Mind
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Religion is how we give MEANING to ______ and ______
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life and death
*fear |
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"religion is a means by which society inculcates values and sentiments necessary for survival and to the promotion of social solidarity"
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Durkheim
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Religion is an extension and directly correlated with _______
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social order
-The relationship among the spirits and between the spirits and humans are the same as the relationship between individuals and social groups in the society |
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associated historically w/ non-ranked societies:
a. religion specialists b. shamans/diviners c. priests d. theocracy |
b. shamans/diviner
religion specialists- reflection of social organization priests- exclusive body of ritual knowledge d. theocracy- priest-kings |
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_______is based on the idea of a link between the natural and supernatural world
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magic
-think of rituals and advertising |
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belief that all living things are composed of a physical and a spiritual aspect
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Animism
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Hortatory ritual
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exhortations to the supernatural to perform some act
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What is a myth?
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Myths deal with the remote past, often with the time of the origin of things both natural and cultural- how the world and people were created
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As a time period becomes less remote, myths turn into ______ which are sometimes thought to have a basis of historical fact
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Legends
Ex- King Arthur as a "legendary figure" |
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What is a Folktale?
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deals with intermediate time- believed to constitute accounts of real people and real events. Often features a trickster
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According to _______ myths must be understood in relation to their cultural facts
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Levi Strauss
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A narrative (e.g., a fable) with a moral message warning of the consequences of certain actions or character flaws
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Cautionary Tale
Ex- "Hell House" movie |
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Story in contemporary setting, reported as a true individual experience, which has an element of actual belief and a warning/moral
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Urban Legend
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Story in contemporary setting, reported as a true individual experience, which has an element of actual belief and a warning/moral
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Urban Legend
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Story in contemporary setting, reported as a true individual experience, which has an element of actual belief and a warning/moral
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Urban Legend
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