Ctt Exam #2 Key Terms

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patriarchal sees

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head communities of the early Christian church (Jerusalem, Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch)

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patristic era

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time between the writing of the New Testament books (as late as A.D. 100) and the Council of Chalcedon (A.D. 451) in which the major orthodox writers of the time are known as the Fathers of the church

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pagan

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everyone that was neither Christian nor Jewish

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mystery religions

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relied on initiating converts into secret rituals and mysteries about a particular god or goddess; shared certain features in common with Christianity

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imperial cult

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worship of the emperor

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martyrs

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Christians who dies for their faith rather than offer sacrifice (Greek for "witnesses")

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relics

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bodily remains of martyrs were venerated as holy relics

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confessors

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Christians who were arrested and stood firm but were not put to death

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apostasy

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falling away from the faith (Christians who did offer sacrifice)

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apologists

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Christian writers that tried to respond to Roman criticisms of Christianity (Greek for "defenders")

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orthodoxy

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correct doctrine of Christianity

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Trinity

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doctrine which the one God exists as three distinct "persons," the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit

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catholic

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greater uniformity of Christianity(Greek for Universal) (canon, creed, episcopacy, and liturgy)

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bishop

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the leader of the local Christian community (Greek for "overseer")

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episcopacy

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government by bishops

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heresy

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false teaching (opposite of orthodoxy)

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gnosticism

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heretical movement of the 2nd and 3rd centuries thats adherents claimed to possess a special secret knowledge that was known only to them (gnosis meaning "knowledge")

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docetism

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doctrine that Jesus only appeared to be human and to suffer and die

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Irenaeus of Lyons

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bishop of the Christian community in Lyons in southern Gaul that wrote a work called Against Heresies, primarily in response to gnosticism

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recapitulation

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the redemtion won by Jesus was actually a repetition or "doing over" of all that had gone wrong in human history beginning with the Fall, a history that was now going to return to the pure condition in which it had begun (Irenaeus)

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Didache

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"The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles"

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Origen of Alexandria

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early Christian theologian that was a director of the Catechetical School, a instructional program for new Christians and an academ for advanced studies; believed that the theologian had a calling from the Holy Spirit

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allegorical method

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looking for hidden spiritual meanings beneath the bare literal meaning of the text

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Constantine

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emperor of Rome (306-337) whom inaugurated a new era in which Christianity won legal toleration and eventual esablishment as the empire's official religion

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Theodosius I

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emperor of Rome (379-395) who made Christianity the sole legal religion of the empire

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ecumenical or general council

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a universal gathering of Christian bishops, to resolve urgent issues affecting the whole church

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Constantinople

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Roman city founded by the emperor Constantine

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dogma

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a religious teaching based on divine revelation and defined by the church

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Arius

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a priest from Alexandria in Egypt that taught that only the Father could be said to be without beginning, and the Son was a lower God (provoked the Council of Nicaea in 325)

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Athanasius of Alexandria

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bishop of Alexandria (328-373) who made the anti-Arian case that the heart of the Bible's teaching is that in Christ human beings could see the true God, not a subordinate or an underling

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Council of Nicaea (325)

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the bishops indicated their opposition to Arianism by approving a statement of beliefs, or creed, that came to be called the Nicene Creed

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Council of Constantinople (381)

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the Nicene Creed was confirmed and expanded, as well as clarified the full divinity of the Holy Spirit

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Cappadocian Fathers

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Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, and Gregory of Nazianzus; they distinguished the meaning of abstract terms such as person and substance as applied to the Trinity

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Apollinaris of Laodicaea

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taught explicitly that Christ had no human soul

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Nestorius

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patriach of Constantinople 428-431; preached that it was inappropriate to call Mary the Mother of God

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Council of Ephesus (431)

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Mary was declared to be the Mother of God

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Council of Chalcedon (451)

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canons and definition of the incarnation of this council represent the decisive stage in the development of the early Christian doctrine of Christ

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monophysites

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those who rejected Chalcedon ("believers in a single nature")

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patriarch

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honorary title of the bishops of Antioch, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Constantinople, and Rome

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pope

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bishop of Rome (from Latin word papa, meaning "father")

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papacy

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government of the pope

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Asceticism

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the training or discipline of the passions and the appetites

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Monasticism

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the way of life of monks, who seperate themselves from society to pray for the world

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monk

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seperate themselves from society to pray for the world; from the Greek word monachos, meaning "a single or a solitary person"

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Antony of Egypt

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credited as the father of Christian monasticism; chose to change his life when he heard the gospel story of Christ's counsel to the rich young man about selling his possessions and giving the money to the poor

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cenobitic monasticism

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communities of monks; Greek for "common life"

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abbot

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spiritual leader that governed organized communities of monks

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basilica

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a church that was an adaptation of the standard rectangular layout of royal audience halls and public buildings in Roman cities; the Christian version was an audience hall for Christ, the heavenly king

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cathedral

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a church of the bishop

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memoria

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built to honor the tomb of a saint or martyr, or a holy site such as the cave in Bethlehem where Christ was believed to have been born

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baptistery

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a structure with a centered design where at Easter new Christians were initieated into the faith

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catechumens

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candidates for Baptism who wereundergoing instruction in the Christian religion

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penitents

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people who were denied communion because of serious sin such as murder, adultery, or apostasy

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penance

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performed by penitents for serious sin before they could e readmitted to communion

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Lent

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the season of penitential preparation for Easter

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Pentecost

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the season of commemorating the day on which the Holy Spirit descended upon the apostles