Cto - Respiratory System

Front 1

what are the two main parts of the respiratory tract?

Back 1

conducting and respiratory

Front 2

what is the role of the conducting aspect of the respiratory tract?

Back 2

to transport, warm, moisten, and cleanse the inspired air prior to reaching the respiratory portion

Front 3

by which type of epithelium is the small area just inside the nostrils covered?

Back 3

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 4

by which type of epithelium are the nasal cavity and nasopharynx covered?

Back 4

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

Front 5

what is contained in the submucosa?

Back 5

seromucous glands

Front 6

what is the role of the seromucous glands in the submucosa?

Back 6

to moisten the air and trap any inspired particulate matter

Front 7

what is the role of the rich blood supply in the submucosa?

Back 7

to warm the air

Front 8

in which portion of the nasal cavity is the olfactory epithelium located? What is the role of this epithelium?

Back 8

most superior portion; provides a sense of smell

Front 9

what is the name of the feature which connects the middle ear and the nasopharynx? What is its role?

Back 9

auditory tube; equalizes pressure and provides drainage

Front 10

with which type of epithelium is the auditory tube lined?

Back 10

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

Front 11

with which type of epithelium are the oro- and laryngopharynx lined?

Back 11

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 12

in which aspect of the respiratory system is there an abundant diffuse lymphoid tissue?

Back 12

nasopharynx

Front 13

what is the name for the area of concentrated lymphoid tissue in the superior posterior nasopharynx?

Back 13

nasopharyngeal tonsils

Front 14

which structures are immediately downstream of the nasopharynx?

Back 14

larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, etc.

Front 15

by which type of epithelium is the larynx covered?

Back 15

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

Front 16

by which type of epithelium are the vocal cords covered?

Back 16

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 17

are changes in the conducting portion rapid or gradual?

Back 17

gradual

Front 18

what are the superior and inferior borders of the trachea?

Back 18

superior border is superior aspect of larynx and inferior border is carina

Front 19

what occurs at the carina?

Back 19

the trachea bifurcates into two bronchi

Front 20

by what is the trachea kept open? What accounts for the posterior aspect of the trachea (be specific)?

Back 20

C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage; trachealis muscle (smooth muscle)

Front 21

which 5 cell types characterize typical respiratory epithelium?

Back 21

ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, brush cells, neuroendocrine cells, and basal cells

Front 22

which type of epithelium is typical respiratory epithelium?

Back 22

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

Front 23

do proximal bronchi exhibit typical respiratory epithelium? Distal bronchi?

Back 23

yes; no, they show a transition to simple columnar ciliated epithelium

Front 24

what is the transition of the epithelium from distal bronchi to alveoli? What happens to the cilia?

Back 24

simple columnar to simple low columnar to simple cuboidal to simple low cuboidal to simple squamous; they gradually disappear

Front 25

approximately how many alveoli are present in the lungs?

Back 25

400 million

Front 26

where are clara cells found? Which cells of the bronchi do these replace?

Back 26

in the bronchioles; goblet cells

Front 27

what do clara cells secrete?

Back 27

protein/glycoprotein/lipid surfactant-like material

Front 28

which cells of the bronchioles provide a regenerative stem cell function?

Back 28

Clara cells

Front 29

what is the form of the cartilage in proximal bronchi? In distal bronchi?

Back 29

incomplete rings; plates and islets

Front 30

what kind of cartilage is present in bronchioles?

Back 30

there is no cartilage present in bronchioles

Front 31

as bronchi extend into bronchioles, does the number of submucosal glands increase or decrease?

Back 31

decrease

Front 32

is there more or less smooth muscle in bronchioles than in bronchi?

Back 32

more

Front 33

are there more of fewer elastic fibers in bronchioles than in bronchi? What is the role of the elastic fibers in respiration?

Back 33

more; passive exhalation

Front 34

what is the name for the final element of the conduction portion of the respiratory tract?

Back 34

terminal bronchioles

Front 35

each terminal bronchiole branches into what? Which portion of the respiratory tract does this mark?

Back 35

respiratory bronchioles; respiratory

Front 36

respiratory bronchiole epithelium is interrupted with outpouchings of what?

Back 36

developing alveoli

Front 37

respiratory bronchioles lead into which structures?

Back 37

alveolar ducts

Front 38

what structure is found at the termination of an alveolar duct?

Back 38

alveolar sac

Front 39

which feature of capillaries and alveolar epithelium is shared?

Back 39

basement membrane

Front 40

what is the thickness of the blood-air barrier created by the capillaries and aveoli?

Back 40

.1-1 microns

Front 41

what feature covers 95% of the alveolar surface?

Back 41

Type I pneumocytes

Front 42

how does air pass from one alveolus to another?

Back 42

via fenestrations in type I pneumocytes

Front 43

what is the role of type ii pneumocytes?

Back 43

produce surfactant

Front 44

what is the composition of surfactant? What is the role of surfactant?

Back 44

phospholipids; lower surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse

Front 45

which cytoplasmic feature is unique to type ii pneumocytes?

Back 45

lamellar bodies

Front 46

which cell population, type I or II pneumocytes, are most responsible for alveolar epithelial renewal?

Back 46

type II pneumocytes

Front 47

which cells are responsible for the phagocytosis of debris within alveolar air spaces? Where else are these cells located?

Back 47

alveolar macrophages (dust cells); interstitial tissue

Front 48

which are located near the bronchial tree, pulmonary veins or pulmonary arteries?

Back 48

pulmonary arteries

Front 49

what are the 2 divisions of the lymphatic drainage of the lung?

Back 49

deep and superficial

Front 50

what are the names for the lymph nodes present at the root of the lung?

Back 50

hilar nodes

Front 51

why are hilar nodes of clinical importance?

Back 51

when the nodes enlarge due to infection or cancer, they are often the first abnormality to be noticeable on a chest xray

Front 52

which part of the lung has no lymphatic drainage?

Back 52

alveolar parenchyma

Front 53

is the nerve supply to the lung sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Back 53

both

Front 54

where do the parasympathetic nerves that innervate the heart originate? The sympathetic nerves?

Back 54

vagus nerve; sympathetic trunk

Front 55

does bronchiolar smooth muscle contract or expand with parasympathetic activation? With sympathetic activation?

Back 55

contract; expand

Front 56

what is the effect of asthma?

Back 56

constricts bronchiolar smooth muscle to affect expiration

Front 57

which drugs are used to treat asthma?

Back 57

drugs that mimic sympathetic action

Front 58

what are the 3 layers of the pharynx?

Back 58

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Front 59

where are bronchial and pulmonary veins located?

Back 59

between segments of the lungs

Front 60

are pulmonary veins more prominent proximally or distally on the alveoli?

Back 60

proximally