Cto - Peripheral Blood

Front 1

what is the volume of peripheral blood in the human body?

Back 1

5-6 liters

Front 2

what are the 6 major components of plasma?

Back 2

plasma proteins, nutrients, waste products, control substances, electrolytes, gases

Front 3

what are the 3 cellular components of blood?

Back 3

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Front 4

what is the name of the layer containing leukocytes and platelets when blood is centrifuged?

Back 4

buffy coat

Front 5

what is the normal range for hematocrit in humans?

Back 5

35-49%

Front 6

what is the normal value of hemoglobin in humans?

Back 6

13-18g/dL

Front 7

is it possible to have a normal hematocrit but a low hemoglobin level?

Back 7

yes, this is exhibited in anemia

Front 8

what is the life span of a mature erythrocyte?

Back 8

120 days

Front 9

what is the function of the biconcave disk shape of the erythrocyte?

Back 9

to allow the maximum number of hemoglobin moleculed to be as close as possible to the cell membrane, thereby optimizing gaseous exchange of O2 and CO2.

Front 10

what is the name for the process by which erythrocytes squeeze between epithelial cells?

Back 10

diapedesis

Front 11

which membrane proteins are responsible for a red blood cell's shape? Are these found on the extracellular or cytoplasmic side?

Back 11

actin and spectrin; cytoplasmic

Front 12

what is the average diameter of a mature erythrocyte?

Back 12

7.2 microns

Front 13

what are they two general categories of leukocytes?

Back 13

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Front 14

which, granulocytes or agranulocytes, contain azurophilic granules?

Back 14

both

Front 15

what is the lifespan of leukocytes? How are they killed?

Back 15

a few days; apoptosis

Front 16

which is the most numerous leukocyte? What are its two nicknames?

Back 16

polymorphonuclear leukocyte; poly and neutrophil

Front 17

what percentage of a normal white cell differentiation count do polys comprise?

Back 17

45-75%

Front 18

do neutrophils have single- or multilobed nuclei? Do they have granules? Which color?

Back 18

multilobed nucleus; yes; pale salmon-colored

Front 19

what is the average diameter of a neutrophil?

Back 19

12-15 microns

Front 20

what is the main function of a neutrophil?

Back 20

to combat infection by the phagocytosis of bacteria

Front 21

which special molecule is found in the cytoplasm of neutrophils? What does this allow the cell to do?

Back 21

glycogen; survive in an anaeorbic environment

Front 22

what is the name for immature neutrophils that appear in the peripheral blood in response to acute infection?

Back 22

band or stab

Front 23

what is the average diameter of an eosinophil?

Back 23

12-17 microns

Front 24

what percentage of a normal white cell differentiation count do eosinophils comprise?

Back 24

1-6%

Front 25

how many lobes does an eosinophil nucleus contain?

Back 25

2

Front 26

what is the color of the granules in an eosinophil? What is contained in these granules?

Back 26

red-orange; major basic protein

Front 27

upon which events will the eosinophil count rise?

Back 27

parasitic infections and allergic reactions

Front 28

what is the prevalence of basophils in a white cell differential?

Back 28

less than 1%

Front 29

what do the granules of basophils contain?

Back 29

heparin and histamine

Front 30

how many lobes does a basophil nucleus have? Can you see it?

Back 30

2; no, the nucleus is normally obscured

Front 31

what are the 2 categories of agranulocytes?

Back 31

lymphocytes and monocytes

Front 32

what percentage of a normal white cell differentiation count do lymphocytes comprise?

Back 32

25-30%

Front 33

which cell is the largest leukocyte? What is its diameter?

Back 33

monocyte; 12-20 microns

Front 34

when monocytes leave the circulation to enter the extravascular space, what do they differentiate to become?

Back 34

macrophages

Front 35

what morphology do platelets have?

Back 35

disk-shaped

Front 36

what is the average diameter of a platelet?

Back 36

1.5-3.5 microns

Front 37

from what are platelets derived?

Back 37

cytoplasm of the giant polypoid megakaryocyte of the bone marrow

Front 38

what is the lifespan of a platelet?

Back 38

10 days

Front 39

what helps to maintain the plasma disk shape?

Back 39

a circumferential band of microtubules

Front 40

in which processes are granules in platelets involved?

Back 40

platelet aggregation, clot formation, and clot resorption

Front 41

what plays a role in adhesion and aggregation of platelets in areas of endothelial injury?

Back 41

plugs

Front 42

which protein is responsible for the formation of a clot?

Back 42

fibrin

Front 43

which molecules are responsible for clot retraction?

Back 43

actin and myosin

Front 44

which protein is involved in clot lysis?

Back 44

plasmin

Front 45

what is the difference between plasma and serum?

Back 45

serum is the same as plasma except it does not have clotting factors

Front 46

what is the normal range for Na+? K+

Back 46

135-145mEq/L; 3.5-5.1 mEq/L

Front 47

what is the normal value for HCO3? Cl-?

Back 47

22-29 mEq/L; 98-106 mEq/L

Front 48

what is the normal range for Ca++? Fasting glucose?

Back 48

8.4-10.2 mg/L; 75-115 mg/L

Front 49

how many erythrocytes are present per microliter of blood? Leukocytes? Platelets?

Back 49

4.1-6x10^6 (males), 3.9-5.5x10^6 (females); 4000-10000, 200000-400000

Front 50

what percentage of plasma is composed of water? of proteins? of other solutes?

Back 50

91-92%; 7-8%; 1-2%

Front 51

what is the term used for erythrocytes that have normal amount of hemoglobin? less than normal?

Back 51

normochromic; hypochromic