Cto - Organelles

Front 1

what is functional morphology?

Back 1

being able to determine the function of a cell based upon the number and kinds of organelles present in the cell

Front 2

all organelles are delimited by ____ membrane, except in the case of the ______ and the ______, which each have 2 membranes.

Back 2

1; mitochondrion, nucleus

Front 3

the characteristics of each organelle are defined, in large part, by which constituents?

Back 3

protein

Front 4

how many subunits compose a ribosomes? where are the subunits assembled?

Back 4

2; nucleolus

Front 5

what are polysomes?

Back 5

groups of ribosomes which perform translation at the same time.

Front 6

free ribosomes create proteins which have where as their final destination?

Back 6

intracellular

Front 7

what are 4 examples of proteins produces by free ribosomes?

Back 7

1) soluble enzymes in the cytosol
2) nuclear enzymes
3) proteins for the replacement or repair of cell organelles
4) unique components of new plasma membranes

Front 8

proteins synthesized on ribosomes located on RER are destined where? how do they get there?

Back 8

outside the cell, plasma membrane, lysosome ; exocytosis

Front 9

in which location, free ribosomes or on RER, are lysosomal proteins produced?

Back 9

RER

Front 10

in which location, free ribosomes or on RER, are majority of new plasma membrane proteins created?

Back 10

RER

Front 11

with what are proteins tagged for their final destination?

Back 11

signal peptide

Front 12

for a translated polypeptide to enter ER, which factors must be involved? through which of these does the peptide enter the ER? what energy molecule facilitates this process?

Back 12

SRP (signal recognition protein), SRP receptor protein, and transcolon apparatus; transcolon apparatus; GTP

Front 13

to what does SRP bind?

Back 13

signal peptide

Front 14

is GTP needed to open translocon apparatus? if not, how it is used?

Back 14

no; used to dissociate SRP and receptor from translocon.

Front 15

signal peptide is eventually cleaved by which protein?

Back 15

signal peptidase

Front 16

is the folding of a protein into secondary, tertiary, and quartenary structure energetically favorable or unfavorable?

Back 16

favorable (spontaneous)

Front 17

what kind of proteins are sometimes involved in the proper folding of a protein?

Back 17

chaperone proteins

Front 18

which ER, rough or smooth, has a lamellated appearance, like pita bread?

Back 18

rough

Front 19

what is the main role of the RER?

Back 19

protein synthesis

Front 20

what is the principle type of protein found in RER (not a protein product but part of RER function)?

Back 20

chaperone proteins

Front 21

which post-translational modification is performed in the RER?

Back 21

N-linked glycosylation

Front 22

which, the RER or smooth ER, exhibits a tubuvascular morphology?

Back 22

Smooth ER

Front 23

what are 5 cellular processes in which SER plays a very important role and in which kind of cells do these processes take place?

Back 23

1) glycogen metabolism (liver/muscle)
2) detox via p450 complex (liver)
3) Ca storage (skeletal/cardiac muscle)
4) lipid metabolism (all cells)
5) steroid metabolism (adrenal glands, ovary, testes)

Front 24

following protein synthesis and glycosylation in the RER, where does the nascent protein travel?

Back 24

Golgi apparatus

Front 25

with what protein are vesicles leaving the RER coated with, as they are shipped to the Golgi?

Back 25

COPII

Front 26

at which end of the Golgi do proteins arrive from the RER?
at which end are they shipped off?

Back 26

cis-Golgi; trans-Golgi

Front 27

what is the name for the 'distribution center' in the Golgi?

Back 27

trans-Golgi network (TGN)

Front 28

what kind of system is most likely used for getting proteins to their extracellular targets?

Back 28

receptor/ligand-like interactions

Front 29

how do protein vesicles travel from RER to cis-Golgi network?

Back 29

via microtubules with motor proteins

Front 30

with what are vesicles from Golgi to ER coated?

Back 30

COPI

Front 31

with what are vesicles from ER to Golgi coated?

Back 31

COPII

Front 32

what information does an abundance of mitochondria give us about a cell?

Back 32

high metabolic requirements, active cell.

Front 33

what is the average width of mitochondria?

Back 33

.5 micons

Front 34

how many domains do mitochondria have? what are they?

Back 34

4; outer membrane, inner membrane, intramembrane space, matrix

Front 35

what is the name for the folds formed by the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Back 35

cristae

Front 36

how many moles of ATP are produces from 1 mole of glucose?

Back 36

36-38 moles

Front 37

are mitochondria capable of dividing?

Back 37

yes, independent of cell cycle.

Front 38

what is the average diameter of a peroxisome?

Back 38

.2-1 microns

Front 39

in which kind of oxidation are peroxisomes involed?

Back 39

fatty acid (beta) oxidation

Front 40

where are small fatty acids metabolized?

Back 40

mitochondrion

Front 41

where is the difference between fatty acids metabolized in mitochondrion and peroxisome?

Back 41

mitochondrion metabolizes smaller FA's and peroxisome oxidized larger FA's

Front 42

which class of enzymes plays an active role in the breakdown of fatty acids and peroxides in the peroxisome?

Back 42

catalases and oxidases

Front 43

which marker in peroxisomes is useful in distiguishing the organelle from others in the cell?

Back 43

catalases

Front 44

which important phospholipid, which is found in myelin, is produced in the peroxisomes?

Back 44

plasmalogens

Front 45

proteasomes are the sites of destruction for which molecules?

Back 45

proteins

Front 46

with what are materials destined for proteasomes tagged?

Back 46

ubiquitin

Front 47

why do many peroxisomal diseases often lead to neurological disorders?

Back 47

defects in plasmalogen production can have a profound impact on the workings of the nervous system.

Front 48

do proteasomes degrade primarily endogenous or exogenous proteins? by what are the others digested?

Back 48

endogenous; lysosomes

Front 49

how many proteasomes are present in the average cell? how many proteases are present in each of these proteasomes?

Back 49

20-30k proteasomes; 30 proteases.

Front 50

hematoxylin has a positive or negative charge? is it basic or acidic? what color does it stain?

Back 50

positive; basic; purple/blue

Front 51

acidophilic substances are substances that have an affinity for which stain?

Back 51

eosin

Front 52

what are 3 general functions of organelles in animal cells?

Back 52

1) congregate enzymatic reactions
2) segregate competing metabolic processes
3) separate harmful products from rest of cell

Front 53

RER

Back 53

what is the organelle pictured here?

Front 54

polysomes

Back 54

what is depicted in this image?

Front 55

what are the 3 possible destinations for proteins produced in the RER and processed in the Golgi?

Back 55

secretory vesicle, membrane vesicle, storage vesicle (lysosome)

Front 56

which of the cytoskeletal element are important in the integrity of RER and Golgi?

Back 56

microtubules

Front 57

Golgi apparatus

Back 57

which organelle is dipicted in this image?

Front 58

inactive due to lack of vesicles at TGN.

Back 58

is this image an active or inactive form of Golgi? how do you know?

Front 59

trans-Golgi Network (TGN)

Back 59

which part of the cell does this image represent?

Front 60

what is the difference between constitutive and non-constitutive protein formation?

Back 60

constitutive proteins are released into extracellular environment in a non-discriminatory fashion. non-constitutive proteins wait for a signal to release to the outside.

Front 61

SER

Back 61

which organelle is depicted here?

Front 62

are all organelles inherited from the mother's egg or father's sperm?

Back 62

mother's egg

Front 63

which organelles are involed in the detox of ethanol, phenol, and formaldehyde?

Back 63

peroxisomes

Front 64

what percentage of all fatty acids are metabolized by mitochondria?

Back 64

75%

Front 65

how many enzymes are present in the average peroxisome?

Back 65

around 50

Front 66

what is the name for the disorder in which an organelle's function affects neurological function? which organelle is damaged in this case?

Back 66

Zelwegger's syndrome; peroxisome

Front 67

what is the width of a ribosome?

Back 67

25nm

Front 68

via which pathways are Golgi vesicles marked for export to lysosomes?

Back 68

mannose-6-phosphate pathway (m6p)

Front 69

which products are created de novo in the Golgi?

Back 69

proteoglycans

Front 70

what percentage of misfolded proteins are tagged with ubiquitin?

Back 70

90%

Front 71

which disease linked to emphysema is linked to protein cloggage in the ER?

Back 71

a-1 anti-trypsin deficiency