Cto - Male Reproductive System

Front 1

what is the name for the dense connective tissue capsule surrounding the testis?

Back 1

tunica albuginia

Front 2

the testis are divided into lobules which contain a few of which small vessels for carrying sperm?

Back 2

seminiferous tubules

Front 3

by what material are seminferous tubules surrounded?

Back 3

interstitial connective tissue

Front 4

what are the two types of cells by which the seminiferous tubules are surrounded?

Back 4

Sertoli cells and developing germ cells

Front 5

where do developing germ cells travel?

Back 5

from the base of the tubule to its lumen, in the space between adjacent Sertoli cells

Front 6

how can one distinguish a Sertoli cell? What is their role?

Back 6

by their large, angular nuclei; as nurse cells which provide nutritional and physical support for developing sperm cells

Front 7

what is responsible for the blood-testis barrier in seminiferous tubules? What is the function of this barrier?

Back 7

tight junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells; protect primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids from auto-immune response (new antigens generated due to recombination)

Front 8

what is the name for the compartment where the sperm cells differentiate in immunologic isolation?

Back 8

aduminal compartment

Front 9

Type A (dark) spermatogonia give rise to which cells

Back 9

Type A (light) spermatogonia

Front 10

Type A (pale) spermatogonia divide mitotically to give rise to which type of cell? In which compartment are these cells located?

Back 10

type B spermatogonia; basal compartment

Front 11

type B spematogonia divide mitotically to form which type of cell? In which compartment are these cells located?

Back 11

primary spermatocytes; basal compartment

Front 12

from where to where do the primary spermatocytes migrate to cross the blood-testis barrier?

Back 12

from the basal to the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubule

Front 13

what characteristic of primary spermatocytes makes them easily identifiable?

Back 13

unique, condensed chromosomes

Front 14

in which compartment of the seminiferous tubules does recombination occur?

Back 14

in the adluminal compartment

Front 15

what is the name for the stucture formed in meiosis I recombination?

Back 15

chiasma

Front 16

are the cells following meiosis I haploid or diploid? What are these cells called?

Back 16

haploid; secondary spermatocytes

Front 17

are cells following meiosis II haploid or diploid? What are these cells called?

Back 17

haploid; spermatids

Front 18

what is the name for the exotic differentiation of round spermatids into elongated mature spermatozoa?

Back 18

spermiogenesis

Front 19

what are 3 processes involved in spermiogenesis?

Back 19

development of acrosomal vesicle, growth of a flagellum, and sloughing of extraneous cytoplasm

Front 20

are spermatozoa initially motile or immotile? Where does the change in motility occur?

Back 20

immotile; in the epididymis

Front 21

what is the name for the process by which spermatozoa become capable to fertilize an egg? Where does this process occur?

Back 21

capacitation; in the female reprodictive tract

Front 22

spermatogenesis is under the control of hormones produced in which endocrine gland?

Back 22

anterior pituitary

Front 23

FSH and LH are secreted from which endocrine gland? This secretion is stimulated by what?

Back 23

anterior pituitary; by the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus

Front 24

for what does GnRH stand?

Back 24

gonadotropin releasing hormone

Front 25

which cells does LH stimulate upon release? Where are these cells located?

Back 25

Leydig cells; in the interstitial tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules

Front 26

Leydig cells are responsible for the production of what?

Back 26

testosterone

Front 27

how would one identify a Leydig cell?

Back 27

polygonal, eosinophilic cells with a round vesicular nucleus and contain lipid droplets. They contain abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which accounts for their eosinophilia

Front 28

FSH stimulates which type of cells in the seminiferous tubules?

Back 28

Sertoli cells

Front 29

upon stimulation by FSH, what do Sertoli cells produce?

Back 29

androgen binding protein, inhibin, activin

Front 30

what is the role of androgen binding protein?

Back 30

sequester testosterone in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

Front 31

what is the role of inhibin in the seminiferous tubules? Activin?

Back 31

inhibit FSH secretion; increase FSH secretion

Front 32

what is a term used to describe undescended testis? What are the consequences of this?

Back 32

cryptorchid; the temperature inside body is too warm and have impaired spermatogonic potential

Front 33

are cryptorchid testis more or less likey to undergo malignant change?

Back 33

more

Front 34

leaving the seminiferous tubules, where do the spermatozoa travel to reach the epididymis?

Back 34

into the tubuli recti then into rete testis, through the efferent ductules and into the epididymis

Front 35

which type of epithelium characterizes the tubuli recti? The rete testis? The efferent ductules?

Back 35

simple cuboidal; simple cuboidal; ciliated simple columnar

Front 36

what is the role of the cilia in the efferent ductule leading from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis?

Back 36

to propel the immotile sperm

Front 37

by what is the epididymis lined?

Back 37

pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia

Front 38

are stereocilia motile? What is their role in the epididymis?

Back 38

no; aid in the reabsorption of any fluid that was not absorbed in the efferent ductule

Front 39

when do spermatozoa develop their motile capacity?

Back 39

during progression through the epididymis

Front 40

what is the role of the epididymis?

Back 40

absorbs large amount of fluid and stores sperm until they are released following sympathetic stimulation of the smooth muscle wall of the epididymis during the ejaculatory reflex

Front 41

during the ejaculatory reflex, sperm are ejected from the epididymis to where?

Back 41

vas deferens

Front 42

what characterizes the epithelium of the vas deferens? Does it have a thicker or thinner muscular wall than the epididymis?

Back 42

pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia; thicker

Front 43

which aspect of the ductus deferens joins the seminal vesicle?

Back 43

ampulla

Front 44

what is the name for the structure formed from the marriage of the vas deferens ampulla with the seminal vesicle?

Back 44

ejaculatory duct

Front 45

where does the ejaculatory duct enter?

Back 45

the prostate gland

Front 46

the seminal vesicle is covered by which type of epithelium?

Back 46

highly convoluted pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Front 47

what is the nature of the secretions of the seminal vesicle?

Back 47

fructose, citric acid, prosteoglandin-rich secretion

Front 48

does the stroma of the seminal vesicle contain little or much smooth muscle?

Back 48

much

Front 49

what is the purpose of the secretions of the prostate gland?

Back 49

to facilitate sperm motility

Front 50

what is the cellular nature of the prostate gland?

Back 50

glandular epithelium surrounded by a dense fibromuscular stroma

Front 51

what are the 3 gland layers of the prostate gland, from the inside out?

Back 51

central zone, transition zone, peripheral zone

Front 52

which structure does the central zone of the prostate gland immediately surround?

Back 52

prostatic urethra

Front 53

which structures does the transition zone of the prostate gland surround?

Back 53

ejaculatory ducts

Front 54

which zone of the prostate gland accounts for the majority of the gland?

Back 54

peripheral zone

Front 55

in which zone of the prostate gland does cancer most likely occur?

Back 55

peripheral zone

Front 56

what is the name for the condensations of prostatis secretions which are found in older men?

Back 56

prostatic concretions

Front 57

what is the composition of semen?

Back 57

sperm plus glandular secretions

Front 58

from the prostatic urethra, where is the semen propelled to exit the penis?

Back 58

through the UG diaphragmatic urethra, and into the penile urethra

Front 59

what is the epithelial character of the penile urethra?

Back 59

stratified columnar epithelium

Front 60

in which part of the urethra do the bulbourethral glands reside?

Back 60

UG diaphragmatic urethra

Front 61

what is the secretion of the bulbourethral glands? What is its role?

Back 61

clear, viscous secretion known as pre-ejaculate; helps to lubricate the urethra for spermatozoa to pass through, and to help flush out any residual urine or foreign matter

Front 62

the penile urethra is enclosed in which part of the penis?

Back 62

corpus spongiosum

Front 63

of what does the corpus spongiosum of the penis consist?

Back 63

erectile tissue

Front 64

what is the composition of erectile tissue?

Back 64

network of endothelium-lined vascular sinuses supported by a network of fibromuscular trabeculae

Front 65

other than the corpus spongiosum, what is the name of the pair of corpora which comprise the erectile tissue?

Back 65

corpora cavernosa

Front 66

which, meiosis I or meiosis II, constitutes reduction division?

Back 66

meiosis I

Front 67

what is the diploid number? The haploid number?

Back 67

22 pairs of autosomes plus a pair of sex chromosomes; 22 single, unpaired autosomes plus a single sex chromosome

Front 68

which progression in spermatogenesis reduces the genome from diploid to haploid?

Back 68

primary spematocyte to secondary spermatocyte

Front 69

when does the homologous chromosome pairing in meiosis I begin?

Back 69

in prophase when the chromosomes first become visible

Front 70

cohesins are involved in what? Condensins?

Back 70

attachment of sister chromatids; coiling of DNA into chromosomes

Front 71

what is aneuploidy? From what does this result?

Back 71

a change in the number of chromosomes in a cell; nondisjunction

Front 72

what is the name for the region on the Y chromosomes which induces the gonads to be male?

Back 72

SRY

Front 73

in addition to the role of the SRY on the Y chromosomes, which factor helps to differentiate the male gonads?

Back 73

testis differnetiation factor (TDF)

Front 74

what is the name for the straight part of the seminiferous tubules?

Back 74

tubili recti

Front 75

what are the names of the three regions of the epididymis, from proximal to distal?

Back 75

caput epididymis, corpus epididymis, cauda epididymis

Front 76

what is the term used to describe the situation where the testis are full of fluid?

Back 76

hydrocoele

Front 77

what is the name for the two layers surrounding the processus vaginalis?

Back 77

parietal and viscera tunica vaginalis

Front 78

which spermatogonia cell, dark or pale A cell, remains undifferentiated to produce future spermatogonia?

Back 78

dark A cells

Front 79

which part of spermatogenesis takes longer, division to secondary spermatocytes or spermiogenesis to mature spermatozoa?

Back 79

maturation to spermatozoa

Front 80

in the seminferous tubules, where are the heads of the sperm often embedded?

Back 80

in the Sertoli cells

Front 81

what is the name for the region of a mature sperm where mitochondria are concentrated?

Back 81

mitochondrial sheath

Front 82

from which organelle is the acrosome derived?

Back 82

Golgi apparatus

Front 83

which cells of the seminiferous tubules are responsible for phagocytosis of the residual bodies?

Back 83

Sertoli cells

Front 84

which cells of the seminiferous tubules produce anti-Mullerian hormone?

Back 84

Sertoli cells

Front 85

what is the name for the derivative of testosterone which is essential for the development of secondary sex characteristics? Is this produced by Leydig cells? What is the name for the enzyme which forms this from testosterone?

Back 85

DHT; yes, in small amounts; enzyme 5a-reductase

Front 86

which hormone other than LH can effect the Leydig cells to secrete testosterone?

Back 86

prolactin

Front 87

what is the clinically relevant prostatis secretion called?

Back 87

PSA (prostate-specific antigen)

Front 88

in which zone of the prostate gland does benign prostatic hyperplasia normally occur?

Back 88

central zone