Ctb Exam 1 Lectures 6 - 8

Front 1

classifications of lysosomes

Back 1

primary - newly generated, no digestion

secondary - primary lysosome + vesicle

tertiary - aka residual body - seen in long lived cells like neurons

Front 2

LAMP 2

Back 2

lysosomal membrane protein - protected from digestion by glycosylation

Front 3

constitutive secretory pathway

Back 3

vesicle buds off Golgi, gets clathrin coated at the plasma membrane, brings substances in via endocytosis and fuse with early endosomes

Front 4

Golgi derived coated vesicle pathway

Back 4

coated vesicles bud off directly from Golgi and fuse with an early or late endosome

Front 5

mannose 6 phosphate pathway

Back 5

marker is in the cis Golgi, it binds to receptor in the TGN. Cargo is moved into a clathrin coated vesicle - fuse with late endosomes and receptor is recycled

Front 6

Tay Sachs Disease

Back 6

mutated hexosaminidase A --> accumulate ganglioside GM2 in concentric layered structures --> dementia and blindness

Front 7

Hurler Syndrome

Back 7

deficient alpha L iduronidase --> lysosomes accumulate dermatan sulfate --> affects nervous and skeletal systems

Front 8

Gaucher Disease

Back 8

beta glucocerebrosidase can't interact with LIMP 2 - glucosyl ceramide accumulates, affecting liver and spleen

Front 9

microautophagy

Back 9

lysosome itself does pinocytosis

Front 10

chaperone mediated autophagy

Back 10

target proteins selectively with HSC70 and LAMP 2A as a receptor

Front 11

mTOR

Back 11

protein that is present when there are plenty nutrients present in the cell - otherwise ribosomes are sacrified during starvation conditions

Front 12

proteosomes

Back 12

barrel like structures lined with proteolytic enzymes

Front 13

ubiquitin

Back 13

tags proteins for destruction in proteosomes

Front 14

velcade

Back 14

inhibitor of proteosomes

treatment for multiple myeloma - allow protein to build up in cancer cells so they die

Front 15

peroxisome

Back 15

responsible for beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids (c18+)

also synthesizes phospholipids - plasmalogens needed for myelination of nerve cells

Front 16

catalase

Back 16

breakdown of hydrogen peroxide in peroxisomes

Front 17

adrenoleukodystrophy

Back 17

impaired beta oxidation of fatty acids - accumulation of long fatty acids in the brain and adrenal cortex

Front 18

Zellweger's Syndrome

Back 18

inability to import proteins into peroxisomes

Front 19

kearns-sayre syndrome

Back 19

affects eye movement due to abnormalities in mitochondrial DNA

Front 20

apoptosis

Back 20

opening of mitochondria via channel made of Bax Bak proteins, releasing cytochrome c into cytosol ==> proteolytic destruction of cell

positively regulated by BH3, negatively by Bcl2

Front 21

things that are imported into the nucleus

Back 21

lamins, histones, dna and rna polymerases, transcription factors, ribosomal proteins

Front 22

things that are exported from the nucleus

Back 22

tRNAs, mRNAs, ribosomal particles

Front 23

importin beta

Back 23

receptor for nuclear cargo (contains nuclear localization or export signals) aided by RAN GTPase that is involved in NPC control mechanism

Front 24

acrocentric chromosome

Back 24

contains satellit attached to stalk

Front 25

submetacentric chromosome

Back 25

short arms = p
long arms = q

Front 26

metacentric chromosome

Back 26

arms are all the same length
centromere = primary constriction

Front 27

Down syndrome

Back 27

trisomy 21

Front 28

Klinefelter's syndrome

Back 28

XXY male

Front 29

ionophore

Back 29

punches holes in nuclear membrane - influx of calcium

Front 30

G1 phase

Back 30

one centromere consisting of 2 centrioles (mother and daughter) surrounds by pericentriolar material

Front 31

G1 --> S phase

Back 31

centrosomes duplicate (transition is controlled by restriction point) - absence of signaling molecules forces cell to enter resting G0 phase

Front 32

leptotene

Back 32

phase of prophase when synaptonemal complex assembles - condensation of chromosome into visible strands

Front 33

zygotene

Back 33

phase of prophase where homologs synapse

Front 34

pachytene

Back 34

phase of prophase where crossing over occurs - looks like one really dense chromosome

Front 35

diplotene

Back 35

phase of prophase where the synaptonemal complex degrades

Front 36

spermatogonium

Back 36

in Mitosis - near basal lamina of seminiferous tubule

Front 37

spermatocyte

Back 37

in Meiosis I - primary --> secondary transition

Front 38

spermatid --> spermatozoon transition

Back 38

occurs during Meiosis II - enter lumen of seminiferous tubule

Front 39

acrosomal reaction

Back 39

The membrane surrounding the acrosome fuses with the oocyte membrane, exposing antigens and enzymes of the acrosome needed to break through touggh coating to allow fertilization to occur - after fertilization there is an influx of calcium that creates a barrier to block penetration by other sperm

Front 40

4 basic types of tissue

Back 40

epithelial, connective - classified by morphology

muscular, nervous - classified by function

Front 41

fun facts about epithelium

Back 41

-can come from any of the 3 embryonic layers -whichever the organ system they belong to comes from
-classified by shape and number of layers
-functions include protection, absorption, secretion
-avascular, so they are located near blood supply in CT
-produces basal lamina
-contains apical, lateral and basal domains
-stains darker than CT

Front 42

derivation of glands

Back 42

come from epithelial downgrowth

exocrine maintain a duct to remain in contact with the exterior

endocrine are surrounded by capillaries and produce hormones that are released into the blood or locally to the CT

Front 43

mucous glands

Back 43

glycosylated proteins secreted in water soluble granules - stain lightly - flattened nuclei

Front 44

serous glands

Back 44

proteins are not glycosylated, less soluble so the granules remain intact - stain darker - round nuclei

Front 45

basement membrane

Back 45

site of interaction between epithelium and CT

Front 46

structure of cilia

Back 46

motile - 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubule doublets - dynein and nexin connections

primary - 9 + 0 configuration

basal foot - coordinates movement

alar sheet - attaches cilia to plasma membrane - gives stability

striated rootlet - anchors cilium to cell

Front 47

nodal cilia

Back 47

found in embryo, play role in organ positioning

Front 48

basal lamina structure

Back 48

type IV collagen, laminin, integrin (transmembrane), nidogen, perlecan

Front 49

mucosa

Back 49

epithelium + CT lining hollow organs

Front 50

serosa

Back 50

thin outer layer of simple squamos cells and underlying CT